rich (only)

φρήν, ἡ, gen. φρενός, pl. φρένες, gen. φρενῶν, dat. φρεσί: older dat. pl. φρασί ([etym.] ν) IG12.971 (vi B. C.), Pi.N.3.62, BMus.Inscr.909 (Halic., i B. C.): (v. sub fin.):

I midriff,

κραδία φρένα λακτίζει A.Pr. 881

(anap.); elsewh. always in pl.,

ἔνθα φρένες ἔρχαται ἀμφ' ἁδινὸν κῆρ Il.16.481

, cf. Hp. VM22, Art.41; τὰς φρένας διάφραγμα εἰς τὸ μέσον αὐτῶν (sc. τοῦ θώρακος καὶ τοῦ κύτους)

τιθέντες Pl.Ti. 70a

;

τοῦτο δὲ τὸ διάζωμα καλοῦσί τινες φρένας, ὃ διορίζει τόν τε πλεύμονα καὶ τὴν καρδίαν Arist.PA 672b11

, cf. HA 496b11, 506a6; also, in Hom., more vaguely,

πρὸς στῆθος ὅθι φρένες ἧπαρ ἔχουσι Od.9.301

;

μένεος φρένες ἀμφὶ μέλαιναι πίμπλαντ' Il.1.103

, al.;

φρένας.. εἰς αὐτὰς τυπείς A.Pr. 363

, cf. Eu. 159 (lyr.).

2 heart, as seat of the passions, e.g. of fear,

τρομέοντο δέ οἱ φρένες ἐντός Il.10.10

; of joy and grief,

φρένα τέρπεσθαι φόρμιγγι 9.186

;

γάνυται φρένα ποιμήν 13.493

;

τί σε φρένας ἵκετοπένθος; 1.362

;

ἄχος πύκασε φρένας 8.124

;

ἔρως φρένας ἀμφεκάλυψε 3.442

; of anger, Od.6.147; of courage,

ἕνα φρεσὶ θυμὸν ἔχοντες Il. 13.487

;

ἐς φρένα θυμὸς ἀγέρθη 22.475

, cf. 8.202, etc.; of bodily appetites, such as hunger, etc., 11.89: the shades of the dead are without it,

ψυχὴ καὶ εἴδωλον, ἀτὰρ φρένες οὐκ ἔνι πάμπαν 23.104

(exc. the shade of Teiresias, Od.10.493): so generally in Poets,

φρενὸς ἔνδοθεν ἄλγεα κεῖται Sol.

ap. Arist.Ath.5.2;

κῆλα δαιμόνων θέλγει φρένας Pi.P.1.12

;

φόβος μ' ἔχει φρένας A.Supp. 379

;

μαινομένα φρενί Id.Th. 484

(lyr.);

στυγεῖν μιᾷ φρενί Id.Eu. 986

(lyr.);

Διὸς γὰρ δυσπαραίτητοι φ. Id.Pr.34

; ἐκ φρενός from one's very heart, ὁ ἐκ φρενὸς λόγος a sincere speech, Id.Ch. 107;

ἐτύμως δακρυχέων ἐκ φρενός Id.Th. 919

(lyr.); οὐκ ἀπ' ἄκρας φρενός not superficially and carelessly, Id.Ag. 805 (anap.); φρενὸς ἐκ φιλίας ib. 1515 (anap.), cf. 546; φῦσαι φρένας to produce a haughty spirit, S.El. 1463.

3 mind, as seat of the mental faculties, perception, thought,

ἔγνω ᾗσιν ἐνὶ φ. Il.22.296

;

μή μοι ταῦτα νόει φρεσί 9.600

; μετὰ φρεσὶ μερμηρίξαι, βάλλεσθαι, Od.10.438, Il.9.434;

ἴδμεν ἐνὶ φρεσίν 2.301

; τῷ γὰρ ἐπὶ φρεσί θῆκε put in his mind, suggested it, 1.55;

σφῶϊν δ' ὧδε θεῶν τις ἐνὶ φρεσὶ ποιήσειεν 13.55

; ἐν φρεσὶ θέσθε ἕκαστος ib. 121, cf. 1.297, etc.; φρένας παραπεῖσαι, πείθειν, 7.120, 16.842; ἐπιγνάμπτει φρένας (v.l. for νόον)

ἐσθλῶν 9.514

;

Διὸς ἐτράπετο φρήν 10.45

; ἀνὴρ φρένας ἀφνειός rich (only) in his imagination, Hes.Op. 455; ὀρθᾷ, ἐλευθέρᾳ φρενί, Pi.O.8.24, P.2.57;

φρένες γὰρ αὐτοῦ θυμὸν ᾠακοστρόφουν A.Pers. 767

;

ἡ γλῶσσ' ὀμώμοχ', ἡ δὲ φ. ἀνώμοτος E.Hipp. 612

;

κατὰ φρένα καὶ κατὰ θυμόν Il.1.193

, al.: pl., wits,

Κύκλωπα περὶ φρένας ἤλυθε οἶνος Od.9.362

, cf. 454, 18.331;

πλήγη φρένας ἂς πάρος εἶχεν Il.13.394

;

ἐκ γὰρ πλήγη φρένας 16.403

;

βλάπτε φρένας Ζεὺς ἡμετέρας 15.724

;

ἐξ... τοι θεοὶ φρένας ὤλεσαν 7.360

; φρένας ἄφρων, φρένας ἠλέ or ἠλεέ, 4.104, 15.128, Od.2.243: of losing one's wits, φρενῶν ἀφεστάναι, ἐκστῆναι, μεθεστάναι, S.Ph. 865, E.Or. 1021, Ba. 944;

τὰς φ. ἐκβάλλειν S.Ant. 648

;

ἔξω φρενῶν Pi.O.7.47

;

φρενῶν οὐκ ἔνδον ὤν E.Heracl. 709

;

φρενῶν κεκομμένος A.Ag. 479

(lyr.);

κενός S.Ant. 754

;

τητώμενοι Id.El. 1326

; ἔξεδροι, παράκοποι, E.Hipp. 935, Ba.33;

ποῦ ποτ' εἶ φρενῶν; S.El. 390

;

φρένες διάστροφοι A.Pr. 673

, S.Aj. 447;

μαργότης φρενῶν Id.Fr. 846

;

ἀνακίνησις φρενῶν Id.OT 727

, etc.; of persons in their senses,

ἐπήβολος φρενῶν Id.Ant. 492

;

ἀνδρὸς νοῦν ἔχοντος καὶ φρένας Ar.Ra. 535

(lyr.) (so in later Prose,

οἱ φρένας ἔχοντες Phld.Po.5.19

, Rh.1.240S.; οἱ τῶν σοφιστῶν τὰς κοινὰς φ. ἔχοντες ib.202S.); also

ἔσω φρενῶν λέγειν A.Ag. 1052

;

γράφου φρενῶν ἔσω S.Ph. 1325

;

τῆς λεπτότητος τῶν φ. Ar.Nu. 153

; φρένες, opp. σῶμα, Hdt.3.134; so

αἱ σάρκες αἱ κεναὶ φρενῶν E.El. 387

; attributed to animals,

μετὰ φρεσὶ γίγνεται ἀλκή Il.4.245

, cf. 16.157, etc.—The word is not common in early Prose,

τίς αὐτῶν νόος ἢ φρήν; Heraclit.104

; συμφορὰ τῶν φ., i.e. madness, And.2.7;

παραλλάττει τῶν φ. Lys.Fr.90

;

καρποῦ μὲν ἀφθονία φρενῶν δὲ ἀφορία X.Smp.4.55

;

νοῦς καὶ φρένες D.18.324

, cf. 25.33.

4 will, purpose,

οὔ τι Διὸς βέομαι φρεσίν Il.15.194

;

σῆς ἀπεστάτουν φ. S.Ant. 993

, cf.OC 1182.—In usage there is little or no distinction observable between sg. and pl., but the sg. is not found in Prose (exc. Heraclit. l.c.) or Com. (exc. in paratrag., Ar. Ra. 886).

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `flourish, grow' (Hes., h. Cer. 402),

Other forms: aor. 2 ἔθᾱ̆λον (h. Hom. 19, 33, hell.), perf. with pres. meaning τέθηλα, Aeol. Dor. τέθᾱλα (Il.); later forms aor. 1 ἀν-έθηλα (Ael.), fut. ἀνα-θᾰλήσομαι (AP),

Compounds: also with prefix ( ἀνα- a. o.)

Derivatives: 1. From the root aorist: θάλος n. `sprout', only metaph. (Il.) with ἀμφι-θαλής `surrounded by θάλος (θάλεα), rich' (Χ 496; also to θαλεῖν); adj. f. θάλεια `flowering, rich' (Il.; on the accent cf. ἐλάχεια, s. ἐλαχύς), m. n. *θαλύς, -ύ only in gen. pl. θαλέων (Χ 504); for it (Il.) θαλερός (as γλυκερός to γλυκύς). θαλία, - ίη `flower, abundance', pl. `feast' (Il., Hdt.; cf. Scheller Oxytonierung 39 w. diff. analysis) with θαλιάζω `amuse oneself' (Plu.). PN Θάλης (- ῆς), gen. Θάλεω, Θάλητος etc.. (Schwyzer 461f.). On θαλύσια s. v. 2. From the present: θαλλός m. `green twig, esp. of the olive, sprout', also `(festive) gift' (ρ 224) with θαλλία f. sg. `foliage' (Thphr.), θαλλία n. pl. `gifts' (pap.), θάλλῐνος `consisting of θαλλοι' (Rhodes). Θαλλώ f. `goddess of Growth' (Iusi. ap. Lykurg. 77, Paus. 9, 35, 2). - Sec. presents. 1. to the root aorist: θᾰλ-έθω (Il.; s. Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 327, Shipp Studies 39). 2. to the perfect: θηλέω, θᾱλέω, aor. θηλῆσαι, θᾱλ- (Il.) with ἐρι-θηλής `richly growing' (Il., Hes.) etc. (but ἐριθαλίς εἶδος δένδρου H., erithales n. Plin. to θάλος). From θηλέω lengthened: τηλεθάω, old only Ptc. τηλεθάων (Il.; Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 359).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [234] * dʰ(e)h₂-l-. dʰh₂l- `flourish. green'

Etymology: A certain agreement to this richly developped family only in Albanian and Armenian with the present Alb. dal `sprout' \< IE * dhal-nō, which can even be identical with θάλλω (*θαλ-ι̯ω is also possible; cf. on βάλλω), the aor. dol(l)a (IE * dhāl- as τέ-θᾱλ-α) and Arm. adj. dalar `green, fresh', which one compares with θαλερός. Celtic and - even more - Germanic material can better remain apart; s. Pok. 234; also Mann Lang. 26, 380; 28, 36.

Page in Frisk: 1,649-650

εἰμί (Hom.+) impv. ἴσθι, ἔσο IPol 4:1, ἔστω—also colloq. ἤτω (BGU 276, 24; 419, 13; POxy 533, 9; Ps 103:31; 1 Macc 10:31) 1 Cor 16:22; Js 5:12; 1 Cl 48:5; Hv 3, 3, 4;—3 pers. pl. ἔστωσαν (ins since 200 B.C. Meisterhans³-Schw. 191; PPetr III, 2, 22 [237 B.C.]) Lk 12:35; 1 Ti 3:12; GJs 7:2. Inf. εἶναι. Impf. 1 pers. only mid. ἤμην (Jos., Bell. 1, 389; 631; s. further below); ἦν only Ac 20:18 D, 2 pers. ἦσθα (Jos., Ant. 6, 104) Mt 26:69; Mk 14:67 and ἦς (Lobeck, Phryn. 149 ‘say ἦσθα’; Jos., Ant. 17, 110 al.; Sb 6262, 16 [III A.D.]) Mt 25:21, 23 al., 3 sg. ἦν, 1 pl. ἦμεν. Beside this the mid. form ἤμην (pap since III B.C.; Job 29:16; Tob 12:13 BA), s. above, gives the pl. ἤμεθα (pap since III B.C.; Bar 1:19) Mt 23:30; Ac 27:37; Eph 2:3. Both forms in succession Gal. 4:3. Fut. ἔσομαι, ptc. ἐσόμενος. The mss. vary in choice of act. or mid., but like the edd. lean toward the mid. (W-S. §14, 1; Mlt-H. 201–3; Rob. index; B-D-F §98; Rdm.² 99; 101f; Helbing 108f; Reinhold 86f). Also s. ἔνι.

① be, exist, be on hand a pred. use (for other pred. use s. 3a, 4, 5, 6, 7): of God (Epicurus in Diog. L. 10, 123 θεοί εἰσιν; Zaleucus in Diod S 12, 20, 2 θεοὺς εἶναι; Wsd 12:13; Just., D. 128, 4 angels) ἔστιν ὁ θεός God exists Hb 11:6; cp. 1 Cor 8:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν the one who is and who was (cp. SibOr 3, 16; as amulet PMich 155, 3 [II A.D.] ὁ ὢν θεὸς ὁ Ἰάω κύριος παντοκράτωρ=the god … who exists.) Rv 11:17; 16:5. ὁ ὢν καὶ ὁ ἦν καὶ ὁ ἐρχόμενος, in this and the two preceding passages ἦν is treated as a ptc. (for the unusual use of ἦν cp. Simonides 74 D.: ἦν ἑκατὸν φιάλαι) 1:4; 4:8 (cp. Ex 3:14; Wsd 13:1; Paus. 10, 12, 10 Ζεὺς ἦν, Ζ. ἔστι, Ζ. ἔσσεται; cp. Theosophien 18. S. OWeinreich, ARW 19, 1919, 178f). οὐδʼ εἶναι θεὸν παντοκράτορα AcPlCor 1:11. ἐγώ εἰμι (ins in the Athena-Isis temple of Saïs in Plut., Is. et Os. 9, 354c: ἐγώ εἰμι πᾶν τὸ γεγονὸς κ. ὸ̓ν κ. ἐσόμενον. On the role of Isis in Gk. rel. s. IBergman, Ich bin Isis ’68; RMerkelbach, Isis Regina—Zeus Sarapis ’95; for further lit. s. MGustafson in: Prayer fr. Alexander to Constantine, ed. MKiley et al. ’97, 158.) Rv 1:8 (s. ἐγώ beg.). ὁ ὤν, … θεός Ro 9:5 is classed here and taken to mean Christ by JWordsworth ad loc. and HWarner, JTS 48, ’47, 203f. Of the λόγος: ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. J 1:1 (for ἦν cp. Herm. Wr. 1, 4; 3, 1b ἦν σκότος, Fgm. IX 1 p. 422, 23 Sc. γέγονεν ἡ ὕλη καὶ ἦν).—Of Christ πρὶν Ἀβραὰμ γενέσθαι, ἐγὼ εἰμί before Abraham was born, I am 8:58 (on the pres. εἰμί cp. Parmenides 8, 5: of the Eternal we cannot say ἦν οὐδʼ ἔσται, only ἔστιν; Ammonius Hermiae [Comm. in Aristotl. IV 5 ed. ABusse 1897] 6 p. 172: in Timaeus we read that we must not say of the gods τὸ ἦν ἢ τὸ ἔσται μεταβολῆς τινος ὄντα σημαντικά, μόνον δὲ τὸ ἔστι=‘was’ or ‘will be’, suggesting change, but only ‘is’; Ps 89:2; DBall, ‘I Am’ in John’s Gospel [JSNT Suppl. 124] ’96).—Of the world πρὸ τοῦ τὸν κόσμον εἶναι before the world existed 17:5. Satirically, of the beast, who parodies the Lamb, ἦν καὶ οὐκ ἔστιν Rv 17:8. Of God’s temple: ἔστιν B 16:6f it exists. τὸ μὴ ὄν that which does not exist, the unreal (Sallust. 17 p. 32, 7 and 9; Philo, Aet. M. 5; 82) Hm 1:1. τὰ ὄντα that which exists contrasted w. τὰ μὴ ὄντα Ro 4:17; cp. 1 Cor 1:28; 2 Cl 1:8. Of God κτίσας ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος τὰ ὄντα what is out of what is not Hv 1, 1, 6 (on the contrast τὰ ὄντα and τὰ μὴ ὄντα cp. Ps.-Arist. on Xenophanes: Fgm. 21, 28; Artem. 1, 51 p. 49, 19 τὰ μὴ ὄντα ὡς ὄντα; Ocellus Luc. 12; Sallust. 17, 5 p. 30, 28–32, 12; Philo, Op. M. 81; PGM 4, 3077f ποιήσαντα τὰ πάντα ἐξ ὧν οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι; 13, 272f τὸν ἐκ μὴ ὄντων εἶναι ποιήσαντα καὶ ἐξ ὄντων μὴ εἶναι; Theoph. Ant. 1, 4 [p. 64, 21] τὰ πάντα ὁ θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων εἰς τὸ εἶναι).—Of existing in the sense be present, available, provided πολλοῦ ὄχλου ὄντος since a large crowd was present Mk 8:1. ὄντων τῶν προσφερόντων those are provided who offer Hb 8:4. οὔπω ἦν πνεῦμα the Spirit had not yet come J 7:39. ἀκούσας ὄντα σιτία when he heard that grain was available Ac 7:12.—Freq. used to introduce parables and stories (once) there was: ἄνθρωπός τις ἦν πλούσιος there was (once) a rich man Lk 16:1, 19. ἦν ἄνθρωπος ἐκ τ. Φαρισαίων there was a man among the Pharisees J 3:1.—There is, there are ὥσπερ εἰσὶν θεοὶ πολλοί as there are many gods 1 Cor 8:5. διαιρέσεις χαρισμάτων εἰσίν there are various kinds of spiritual gifts 12:4ff; 1J 5:16 al. Neg. οὐκ ἔστι there is (are) not, no (Ps 52:2; Simplicius in Epict. p. 95, 42 as a quot. from ‘tragedy’ οὐκ εἰσὶν θεοί) δίκαιος there is no righteous man Ro 3:10 (Eccl 7:20). ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν οὐκ ἔστιν there is no resurr. of the dead 1 Cor 15:12; οὐδʼ εἶναι ἀνάστασιν AcPlCor 1:12; 2:24; cp. Mt 22:23; Ac 23:8 (cp. 2 Macc 7:14). εἰσὶν οἵ, or οἵτινες there are people who (Hom. et al.; LXX; Just., D. 47, 2 εἰ μήτι εἰσὶν οἱ λέγοντες ὅτι etc.—W. sing. and pl. combined: Arrian, Ind. 24, 9 ἔστι δὲ οἳ διέφυγον=but there are some who escaped) Mt 16:28; 19:12; Mk 9:1; Lk 9:27; J 6:64; Ac 11:20. Neg. οὐδείς ἐστιν ὅς there is no one who Mk 9:39; 10:29; Lk 1:61; 18:29. As a question τίς ἐστιν ὅς; who is there that? Mt 12:11—In an unusual (perh. bureaucratic terminology) participial construction Ac 13:1 ἡ οὖσα ἐκκλησία the congregation there (cp. Ps.-Pla., Eryx. 6, 394c οἱ ὄντες ἄνθρωποι=the people with whom he has to deal; PLond III 1168, 5 p. 136 [18 A.D.] ἐπὶ ταῖς οὔσαις γειτνίαις=on the adjoining areas there; PGen 49; PSI 229, 11 τοῦ ὄντος μηνός of the current month); cp. 14:13.—αἱ οὖσαι (sc. ἐξουσίαι) those that exist Ro 13:1 (cp. UPZ 180a I, 4 [113 B.C.] ἐφʼ ἱερέων καὶ ἱερειῶν τῶν ὄντων καὶ οὐσῶν).

② to be in close connection (with), is, freq. in statements of identity or equation, as a copula, the equative function, uniting subject and predicate. On absence of the copula, Mlt-Turner 294–310.

ⓐ gener. πραΰς εἰμι I am gentle Mt 11:29. ἐγώ εἰμι Γαβριήλ Lk 1:19. σὺ εἶ ὁ υἱὸς τοῦ θεοῦ Mk 3:11; J 1:49 and very oft. ἵνα … ὁ πονηρὸς … ἐλεγχθῇ [το? s. app. in Bodm.] μὴ ὢν θεός AcPlCor 2:15 (Just., D. 3, 3 φιλολόγος οὖν τις εἶ σύ).—The pred. can be supplied fr. the context: καὶ ἐσμέν and we are (really God’s children) 1J 3:1 (Eur., Ion 309 τ. θεοῦ καλοῦμαι δοῦλος εἰμί τε. Dio Chrys. 14 [31], 58 θεοφιλεῖς οἱ χρηστοὶ λέγονται καὶ εἰσίν; Epict. 2, 16, 44 Ἡρακλῆς ἐπιστεύθη Διὸς υἱὸς εἶναι καὶ ἦν.—The ptc. ὤν, οὖσα, ὄν used w. a noun or adj.and serving as an if-, since-, or although-clause sim. functions as a copula πονηροὶ ὄντες Mt 7:11; 12:34.—Lk 20:36; J 3:4; 4:9; Ac 16:21; Ro 5:10; 1 Cor 8:7; Gal 2:3 al.).—W. adv. of quality: οὕτως εἶναι be so preceded by ὥσπερ, καθώς or followed by ὡς, ὥσπερ Mt 13:40; 24:27, 37, 39; Mk 4:26; Lk 17:26. W. dat. of pers. οὕτως ἔσται ὁ υἱὸς τ. ἀ. τῇ γενεᾷ ταύτῃ so the Human One (Son of Man) will be for this generation 11:30. εἰμὶ ὡσ/ὥσπερ I am like Mt 6:5; Lk 18:11. W. dat. ἔστω σοι ὥσπερ τελώνης he shall be to you as a tax-collector Mt 18:17. εἰμὶ ὥς τις I am like someone of outward and inward similarity 28:3; Lk 6:40; 11:44; 22:27 al. καθώς εἰμι as I am Ac 22:3; 1J 3:2, 7; 4:17.—W. demonstr. pron. (Just., A I, 16, 1 ἃ ἔφη, ταῦτά ἐστι: foll. by a quotation; sim. 48, 5 ἔστι δὲ ταῦτα; and oft.) τὰ ὀνόματά ἐστιν ταῦτα Mt 10:2. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ μαρτυρία J 1:19. W. inf. foll. θρησκεία αὕτη ἐστίν, ἐπισκέπτεσθαι Js 1:27. W. ὅτι foll. αὕτη ἐστὶν ἡ κρίσις, ὅτι τὸ φῶς ἐλήλυθεν J 3:19; cp. 21:24; 1J 1:5; 3:11; 5:11. W. ἵνα foll. τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ ἔργον, ἵνα πιστεύητε J 6:29; cp. vs. 39f; 15:12; 17:3; 1J 3:11, 23; 5:3. W. τηλικοῦτος: τὰ πλοῖα, τηλικαῦτα ὄντα though they are so large Js 3:4. W. τοσοῦτος: τοσοῦτων ὄντων although there were so many J 21:11. W. τοιοῦτος: τοιοῦτος ὤν Phlm 9 (cp. Just., A I, 18, 4 ὅσα ἄλλα τοιαῦτά ἐστι).—W. interrog. pron. ὑμεῖς τίνα με λέγετε εἶναι; who do you say I am? Mt 16:15; cp. 21:10; Mk 1:24; 4:41; 8:27, 29; Lk 4:34 al.; σὺ τίς εἶ; J 1:19; 8:25; 21:12 al. (cp. JosAs 14:6 τίς εἶ συ tell me ‘who you are’). σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ κρίνων; (Pla., Gorg. 452b; Strabo 6, 2, 4 σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ τὸν Ὅμηρον ψέγων ὡς μυθογράφον;) Ro 14:4; ἐγὼ τίς ἤμην; (cp. Ex 3:11) Ac 11:17; τίς εἰμι ἐγὼ ὅτι who am I, that GJs 12:2 (Ex 3:11). W. πόσος: πόσος χρόνος ἐστίν; how long a time? Mk 9:21. W. ποταπός of what sort Lk 1:29.—W. relative pron. οἷος 2 Cor 10:11; ὁποῖος Ac 26:29; 1 Cor 3:13; Gal 2:6; ὅς Rv 1:19; ὅστις Gal 5:10, 19.—W. numerals ἦσαν οἱ φαγόντες πεντακισχίλιοι ἄνδρες 6:44 (cp. Polyaenus 7, 25 ἦσαν οἱ πεσόντες ἀνδρῶν μυριάδες δέκα); cp. Ac 19:7; 23:13. Λάζαρος εἷς ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἀνακειμένων L. was one of those at the table J 12:2; cp. Gal 3:20; Js 2:19. τῶν πιστευσάντων ἦν καρδία καὶ ψυχὴ μία Ac 4:32. εἷς εἶναι be one and the same Gal 3:28. ἓν εἶναι be one J 10:30; 17:11, 21ff; 1 Cor 3:8.—οὐδʼ εἶναι τὴν πλάσιν τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων τοῦ θεοῦ (that) the creation of humankind is not God’s doing AcPlCor 1:13.—To establish identity the formula ἐγώ εἰμι is oft. used in the gospels (corresp. to Hebr. אֲנִי הוּא Dt 32:39; Is 43:10), in such a way that the predicate must be understood fr. the context: Mt 14:27; Mk 6:50; 13:6; 14:62; Lk 22:70; J 4:26; 6:20; 8:24, 28; 13:19; 18:5f and oft.; s. on ἐγώ.—In a question μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι; surely it is not I? Mt 26:22, 25.

ⓑ to describe a special connection betw. the subject and a predicate noun ἡμεῖς ναὸς θεοῦ ἐσμεν ζῶντος we are a temple of the living God 2 Cor 6:16. ἡ ἐπιστολὴ ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are our letter (of recommendation) 3:2. σφραγίς μου τῆς ἀποστολῆς ὑμεῖς ἐστε you are the seal of my apostleship 1 Cor 9:2 and oft.

ⓒ in explanations:

α. to show how someth. is to be understood is a representation of, is the equivalent of; εἰμί here, too, serves as copula; we usually translate mean, so in the formula τοῦτʼ ἔστιν this or that means, that is to say (Epict., Ench. 33, 10; Arrian, Tact. 29, 3; SIG 880, 50; PFlor 157, 4; PSI 298, 9; PMert 91, 9; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 16; ApcMos 19; Just., D. 56, 23; 78, 3 al.) Mk 7:2; Ac 19:4; Ro 7:18; 9:8; 10:6, 8; Phlm 12; Hb 7:5 al.; in the sense that is (when translated) (Polyaenus 8, 14, 1 Μάξιμος ἀνηγορεύθη• τοῦτο δʼ ἄν εἴη Μέγιστον) Mt 27:46; Ac 1:19. So also w. relative pron.: ὅ ἐστιν Mk 3:17; 7:11, 34; Hb 7:2. After verbs of asking, recognizing, knowing and not knowing (Antiphanes Com. 231, 1f τὸ ζῆν τί ἐστι;) μάθετε τί ἐστιν learn what (this) means Mt 9:13. εἰ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν 12:7; cp. Mk 1:27; 9:10; Lk 20:17; J 16:17f; Eph 4:9. W. an indir. question (Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ἀγύλλα: τὶς ἠρώτα τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὄνομα) τί ἂν εἴη ταῦτα Lk 15:26; τί εἴη τοῦτο 18:36. τίνα θέλει ταῦτα εἶναι what this means Ac 17:20; cp. 2:12, where the question is not about the mng. of terms but the significance of what is happening.—Esp. in interpr. of the parables (Artem. 1, 51 p. 48, 26 ἄρουρα οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἐστὶν ἢ γυνή=field means nothing else than woman) ὁ ἀγρός ἐστιν ὁ κόσμος the field means the world Mt 13:38; cp. vss. 19f, 22f; Mk 4:15f, 18, 20; Lk 8:11ff (cp. Gen 41:26f; Ezk 37:11; Ath. 22, 4 [Stoic interpr. of myths]). On τοῦτό ἐστιν τὸ σῶμά μου Mt 26:26; Mk 14:22; Lk 22:19 and its various interpretations, see lit. s.v. εὐχαριστία. Cp. Hipponax (VI B.C.) 45 Diehl αὕτη γάρ ἐστι συμφορή=this means misfortune.

β. to be of relative significance, be of moment or importance, amount to someth. w. indef. pron. εἰδωλόθυτόν τί ἐστιν meat offered to idols means anything 1 Cor 10:19. Esp. εἰμί τι I mean someth. of pers. 1 Cor 3:7; Gal 2:6; 6:3; and of things vs. 15. εἰμί τις Ac 5:36.—Of no account ἐμοὶ εἰς ἐλάχιστόν ἐστιν (telescoped fr. ἐλάχ. ἐστιν and εἰς ἐλάχ. γίνεται, of which there are many exx. in Schmid, I 398; II 161, 237; III 281; IV 455) it is of little or no importance to me 1 Cor 4:3.

③ be in reference to location, persons, condition, or time, be

ⓐ of various relations or positions involving a place or thing: w. ἀπό: εἶναι ἀπό τινος be or come from a certain place (X., An. 2, 4, 13) J 1:44.—W. ἐν: ἐν τοῖς τ. πατρός μου in my father’s house Lk 2:49 (cp. Jos., Ant. 16, 302 καταγωγὴ ἐν τοῖς Ἀντιπάτρου). ἐν τῇ ὁδῷ on the way Mk 10:32. ἐν τῇ ἐρήμῳ Mt 24:26. ἐν ἀγρῷ Lk 15:25. ἐν δεξιᾷ τ. θεοῦ at God’s right hand Ro 8:34; in heaven Eph 6:9.—W. εἰς: τὴν κοίτην Lk 11:7; τὸν κόλπον J1:18.—W. ἐπὶ w. gen. be on someth. of place, roof Lk 17:31; head J 20:7 (cp. 1 Macc 1:59); also fig., of one who is over someone (1 Macc 10:69; Jdth 14:13 ὁ ὢν ἐπὶ πάντων τῶν αὐτοῦ) Ro 9:5 (of the angel of death Mel., P. 20, 142 ἐπὶ τῶν πρωτοτόκων); also ἐπάνω τινός J 3:31.—W. dat. be at someth. the door Mt 24:33; Mk 13:29.—W. acc. be on someone: grace Lk 2:40; Ac 4:33; spirit (Is 61:1) Lk 2:25; εἶναι ἐπὶ τὸ αὐτό be in the same place, together (Gen 29:2 v.l.) Ac 1:15; 2:1, 44; 1 Cor 7:5.—W. κατά w. acc. εἶναι κατὰ τὴν Ἰουδαίαν be in Judea Ac 11:1; εἶναι ἐν Ἀντιοχείᾳ κατὰ τὴν οὖσαν ἐκκλησίαν were at Antioch in the congregation there 13:1.—W. ὑπό w. acc. τι or τινα of place be under someth. J 1:48; 1 Cor 10:1.—W. παρά w. acc. παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν by the sea- (i.e. lake-) shore Mk 5:21; Ac 10:6.—W. πρός τι be close to, facing someth. Mk 4:1.—W. adv. of place ἐγγύς τινι near someth. Ac 9:38; 27:8. μακρὰν (ἀπό) Mk 12:34; J 21:8; Eph 2:13; also πόρρω Lk 14:32. χωρίς τινος without someth. Hb 12:8. ἐνθάδε Ac 16:28. ἔσω J 20:26. ἀπέναντί τινος Ro 3:18 (Ps 35:2). ἐκτός τινος 1 Cor 6:18; ἀντίπερά τινος Lk 8:26; ὁμοῦ J 21:2; οὗ Mt 2:9; ὅπου Mk 2:4; 5:40. ὧδε Mt 17:4; Mk 9:5; Lk 9:33. Also w. fut. mng. (ESchwartz, GGN 1908, 161 n.; on the fut. use of the pres. cp. POxy 531, 22 [II A.D.] ἔστι δὲ τοῦ Τῦβι μηνὸς σοὶ ὸ̔ θέλεις) ὅπου εἰμί J 7:34, 36; 12:26; 14:3; 17:24. As pred., to denote a relatively long stay at a place, stay, reside ἴσθι ἐκεῖ stay there Mt 2:13, cp. vs. 15; ἐπʼ ἐρήμοις τόποις in lonely places Mk 1:45; ἦν παρὰ τὴν θάλασσαν he stayed by the lakeside 5:21.

ⓑ involving humans or transcendent beings: w. adv. ἔμπροσθέν τινος Lk 14:2. ἔναντί τινος Ac 8:21; ἐνώπιόν τινος Lk 14:10; Ac 4:19; 1 Pt 3:4; Rv 7:15; ἐντός τινος Lk 17:21; ἐγγύς τινος J 11:18; 19:20; Ro 10:8 (Dt 30:14).—W. prep. ἐν τινί equiv. to ἔκ τινος εἶναι be among Mt 27:56; cp. Mk 15:40; Ro 1:6. Of God, who is among his people 1 Cor 14:25 (Is 45:14; Jer 14:9); of the Spirit J 14:17. Of persons under Christ’s direction: ἐν θεῷ 1J 2:5; 5:20 (s. Norden, Agn. Th. 23, 1). ἔν τινι rest upon, arise from someth. (Aristot., Pol. 7, 1, 3 [1323b, 1] ἐν ἀρετῇ; Sir 9:16) Ac 4:12; 1 Cor 2:5; Eph 5:18.—εἴς τινα be directed, inclined toward Ac 23:30; 2 Cor 7:15; 1 Pt 1:21.—κατά w. gen. be against someone (Sir 6:12) Mt 12:30; Mk 9:40 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. ὑπέρ); Gal 5:23.—σύν τινι be with someone (Jos., Ant. 7, 181) Lk 22:56; 24:44; Ac 13:7; accompany, associate w. someone Lk 8:38; Ac 4:13; 22:9; take sides with someone (X., Cyr. 5, 4, 37; 7, 5, 77; Jos., Ant. 11, 259 [of God]) Ac 14:4.—πρός τινα be with someone Mt 13:56; Mk 6:3; J 1:1f. I am to be compared w. IMg 12.—μετά and gen. be with someone (Judg 14:11) Mt 17:17; Mk 3:14; 5:18; J 3:26; 12:17; ἔστω μεθʼ ὑμῶν εἰρήνη AcPlCor 2:40; of God, who is with someone (Gen 21:20; Judg 6:13 al.; Philo, Det. Pot. Ins. 4; Jos., Ant. 6, 181; 15, 138) Lk 1:66; J 3:2; 8:29; Ac 10:38 al.; also be with in the sense be favorable to, in league with (Ex 23:2) Mt 12:30; Lk 11:23; of punishment attending a pers. τὸ πῦρ ἐστι μετʼ αὐτοῦ AcPlCor 2:37.—παρά and gen. come from someone (X., An. 2, 4, 15; Just., D. 8, 4 ἔλεος παρὰ θεοῦ) fr. God J 6:46; 7:29; w. dat. be with, among persons Mt 22:25; Ac 10:6. W. neg. be strange to someone, there is no … in someone Ro 2:11; 9:14; Eph 6:9.—ὑπέρ w. gen. be on one’s side Mk 9:4 and Lk 9:50 (both opp. κατά); w. acc. be superior to (Sir 25:10; 30:16) Lk 6:40.

ⓒ of condition or circumstance: κατά w. acc. live in accordance with (Sir 28:10; 43:8; 2 Macc 9:20) κατὰ σάκρα, πνεῦμα Ro 8:5. οὐκ ἔστιν κατὰ ἄνθρωπον not human (in origin) Gal 1:11.—Fig. ὑπό w. acc. be under (the power of) someth. Ro 3:9; 6:14f; Gal 3:10, 25.—W. ἐν of existing ἐν τῷ θεῷ εἶναι of humankind: have its basis of existence in God Ac 17:28. Of states of being: ἐν δόξῃ 2 Cor 3:8; ἐν εἰρήνῃ Lk 11:21; ἐν ἔχθρᾳ at enmity 23:12; ἐν κρίματι under condemnation vs. 40. ἐν ῥύσει αἵματος suffer from hemorrhages Mk 5:25; Lk 8:43 (cp. Soph., Aj. 271 ἦν ἐν τῇ νόσῳ; cp. TestJob 35:1 ἐν πληγαῖς πολλαῖς). Periphrastically for an adj. ἐν ἐξουσίᾳ authoritative Lk 4:32. ἐν βάρει important 1 Th 2:7. ἐν τῇ πίστει true believers, believing 2 Cor 13:5. Be involved in someth. ἐν ἑορτῇ be at the festival=take part in it J 2:23. ἐν τούτοις ἴσθι devote yourself to these things 1 Ti 4:15 (cp. X., Hell. 4, 8, 7 ἐν τοιούτοις ὄντες=occupied w. such things; Jos., Ant. 2, 346 ἐν ὕμνοις ἦσαν=they occupied themselves w. the singing of hymns).—Fig., live in the light 1J 2:9; cp. vs. 11; 1 Th 5:4; in the flesh Ro 7:5; 8:8; AcPlCor 1:6. ἐν οἷς εἰμι in the situation in which I find myself Phil 4:11 (X., Hell. 4, 2, 1; Diod S 12, 63, 5; 12, 66, 4; Appian, Hann. 55 §228 ἐν τούτοις ἦν=he was in this situation; Jos., Ant. 7, 232 ἐν τούτοις ἦσαν=found themselves in this sit.; TestJob 35:6 ἐν τίνι ἐστίν; s. ZPE VIII 170). ἐν πολλοῖς ὢν ἀστοχήμασι AcPlCor 2:1. Of characteristics, emotions, etc. ἔν τινί ἐστιν, e.g. ἀδικία J 7:18; ἄγνοια Eph 4:18; ἀλήθεια J 8:44; 2 Cor 11:10 (cp. 1 Macc 7:18); ἁμαρτία 1J 3:5.

ⓓ of time ἐγγύς of καιρός be near Mt 26:18; Mk 13:28. πρὸς ἑσπέραν ἐστίν it is toward evening Lk 24:29 (Just., D. 137, 4 πρὸς δυσμὰς … ὁ ἥλιός ἐστι).

④ to be alive in a period of time, live, denoting temporal existence (Hom., Trag., Thu. et al.; Sir 42:21; En 102:5 Philo, De Jos. 17; Jos., Ant. 7, 254) εἰ ἤμεθα ἐν ταῖς ἡμέραις τῶν πατέρων ἡμῶν if we had lived in the days of our fathers Mt 23:30. ὅτι οὐκ εἰσὶν because they were no more 2:18 (Jer 38:15). ἦσαν ἐπὶ χρόνον ἱκανόν (those who were healed and raised by Christ) remained alive for quite some time Qua.

⑤ to be the time at which someth. takes place w. indications of specific moments or occasions, be (X., Hell. 4, 5, 1, An. 4, 3, 8; Sus 13 Theod.; 1 Macc 6:49; 2 Macc 8:26; Jos., Ant. 6, 235 νουμηνία δʼ ἦν; 11, 251): ἦν ὥρα ἕκτη it was the sixth hour (=noon acc. to Jewish reckoning) Lk 23:44; J 4:6; 19:14.—Mk 15:25; J 1:39. ἦν ἑσπέρα ἤδη it was already evening Ac 4:3. πρωί̈ J 18:28. ἦν παρασκευή Mk 15:42. ἦν ἑορτὴ τῶν Ἰουδαίων J 5:1. σάββατόν ἐστιν vs. 10 et al. Short clauses (as Polyaenus 4, 9, 2 νὺξ ἦν; 7, 44, 2 πόλεμος ἦν; exc. 36, 8 ἦν ἀρίστου ὥρα; Jos., Ant. 19, 248 ἔτι δὲ νὺξ ἦν) χειμὼν ἦν J 10:22; ἦν δὲ νύξ (sim. Jos., Bell. 4, 64) 13:30; ψύχος it was cold 18:18; καύσων ἔσται it will be hot Lk 12:55.

⑥ to take place as a phenomenon or event, take place, occur, become, be, be in (Hom., Thu. et al.; LXX; En 104:5; 106:6.—Cp. Just., D. 82, 2 of Christ’s predictions ὅπερ καὶ ἔστι ‘which is in fact the case’.) ἔσται θόρυβος τοῦ λαοῦ a popular uprising Mk 14:2. γογγυσμὸς ἦν there was (much) muttering J 7:12. σχίσμα there was a division 9:16; 1 Cor 1:10; 12:25. ἔριδες … εἰσίν quarrels are going on 1:11. δεῖ αἱρέσεις εἶναι 11:19. θάνατος, πένθος, κραυγή, πόνος ἔσται Rv 21:4. ἔσονται λιμοὶ κ. σεισμοί Mt 24:7. Hence τὸ ἐσόμενον what was going to happen (Sir 48:25) Lk 22:49. πότε ταῦτα ἔσται; when will this happen? Mt 24:3. πῶς ἔσται τοῦτο; how can this be? Lk 1:34. Hebraistically (הָיָה; s. KBeyer, Semitische Syntax im NT, ’62, 63–65) καὶ ἔσται w. fut. of another verb foll. and it will come about that Ac 2:17 (Jo 3:1); 3:23 (w. δέ); Ro 9:26 (Hos 2:1).—W. dat. ἐστί τινι happen, be granted, come, to someone (X., An. 2, 1, 10; Jos., Ant. 11, 255; Just., D. 8, 4 σοὶ … ἔλεος ἔσται παρὰ θεοῦ) Mt 16:22; Mk 11:24; Lk 2:10; GJs 1:1; 4:3; 8:3; τί ἐστίν σοι τοῦτο, ὅτι what is the matter with you, that GJs 17:2.—Of becoming or turning into someth. become someth. εἰς χολὴν πικρίας εἶναι become bitter gall Ac 8:23. εἰς σάρκα μίαν Mt 19:5; Mk 10:8; 1 Cor 6:16; Eph 5:31 (all Gen 2:24. Cp. Syntipas p. 42, 24 οὐκ ἔτι ἔσομαι μετὰ σοῦ εἰς γυναῖκα); τὰ σκολιὰ εἰς εὐθείας Lk 3:5 (Is 40:4); εἰς πατέρα 2 Cor 6:18; Hb 1:5 (2 Km 7:14; 1 Ch 22:10; 28:6); εἰς τὸ ἕν 1J 5:8.— Serve as someth. (IPriene 50, 39 [c. II B.C.] εἶναι εἰς φυλακὴν τ. πόλεως; Aesop., Fab. 28 H.=18 P.; 26 Ch.; 18 H-H. εἰς ὠφέλειαν; Gen 9:13; s. also εἰς 4d) 1 Cor 14:22; Col 2:22; Js 5:3.—Of something being ἀνεκτότερον ἔσται it will be more tolerable τινί for someone Lk 10:12, 14.

⑦ to exist as possibility ἔστιν w. inf. foll. it is possible, one can (Περὶ ὕψους 6; Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔστιν εὑρεῖν=one can find; Just., A I, 59, 10 ἔστι ταῦτα ἀκοῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν; D. 42, 3 ἰδεῖν al.; Mel., P. 19, 127); neg. οὐκ ἔστιν νῦν λέγειν it is not possible to speak at this time Hb 9:5. οὐκ ἔστιν φαγεῖν it is impossible to eat 1 Cor 11:20 (so Hom. et al.; UPZ 70, 23 [152/151 B.C.] οὐκ ἔστι ἀνακύψαι με πώποτε … ὑπὸ τῆς αἰσχύνης; 4 Macc 13:5; Wsd 5:10; Sir 14:16; 18:6; EpJer 49 al.; EpArist 163; Jos., Ant. 2, 335; Ath. 22, 3 ἔστιν εἰπεῖν).

⑧ to have a point of derivation or origin, be,/come from somewhere ἐκ τῆς ἐξουσίας Ἡρῴδου from Herod’s jurisdiction Lk 23:7; ἐκ Ναζαρέτ (as an insignificant place) J 1:46; ἐκ τῆς γῆς 3:31; ἐκ γυναικός 1 Cor 11:8 al. ἐξ οὐρανοῦ, ἐξ ἀνθρώπων be of heavenly (divine), human descent Mt 21:25; Mk 11:30; Lk 20:4. Be generated by (cp. Sb 8141, 21f [ins I B.C.] οὐδʼ ἐκ βροτοῦ ἤεν ἄνακτος, ἀλλὰ θεοῦ μεγάλου ἔκγονος; En 106:6) Mt 1:20. Esp. in Johannine usage ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου εἶναι originate from the devil J 8:44; 1J 3:8. ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ 3:12; ἐκ τοῦ κόσμου J 15:19; 17:14, 16; 1J 4:5. ἐκ τῆς ἀληθείας εἶναι 2:21; J 18:37 etc. Cp. 9 end.

⑨ to belong to someone or someth. through association or genetic affiliation, be, belong w. simple gen. (X., Hell. 2, 4, 36; Iambl., Vi. Pyth. 33, 230 τῶν Πυθαγορείων) οἱ τῆς ὁδοῦ ὄντες those who belong to the Way Ac 9:2. εἰμὶ Παύλου I belong to Paul 1 Cor 1:12; 3:4; cp. Ro 8:9; 2 Cor 10:7; 1 Ti 1:20; Ac 23:6. ἡμέρας εἶναι belong to the day 1 Th 5:8, cp. vs. 5. W. ἔκ τινος 1 Cor 12:15f; Mt 26:73; Mk 14:69f; Lk 22:58 al. (cp. X., Mem. 3, 6, 17; oft LXX). ἐκ τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τῶν δώδεκα belong to the twelve 22:3. ὅς ἐστιν ἐξ ὑμῶν who is a fellow-countryman of yours Col 4:9.—To belong through origin 2 Cor 4:7. Of Mary: ἦν τῆς φυλῆς τοῦ Δαυίδ was of David’s line GJs 10:1. Cp. 8 above.

⑩ to have someth. to do with someth. or someone, be. To denote a close relationship ἐξ ἔργων νόμου εἶναι rely on legal performance Gal 3:10. ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἔστιν ἐκ πίστεως the law has nothing to do with faith vs. 12.—To denote a possessor Mt 5:3, 10; l9:14; Mk 12:7; Lk 18:16; 1 Cor 6:19. Esp. of God who owns the Christian Ac 27:23; 1 Cor 3:23; 2 Ti 2:19 (Num 16:5). οὐδʼ εἶναι τὸν κόσμον θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ ἀγγέλων AcPlCor 1:15 (cp. Just., A II, 13, 4 ὅσα … καλῶς εἴρηται, ἡμῶν τῶν χριστιανῶν ἐστι).—W. possess. pron. ὑμετέρα ἐστὶν ἡ βασιλεία Lk 6:20. οὐκ ἔστιν ἐμὸν δοῦναι Mk 10:40 (cp. Just., A I, 4, 2 ὑμέτερον ἀγωνιᾶσαί ἐστι ‘it is a matter for your concern’).—To denote function (X., An. 2, 1, 4) οὐχ ὑμῶν ἐστιν it is no concern of yours Ac 1:7—Of quality παιδεία οὐ δοκεῖ χαρᾶς εἶναι discipline does not seem to be (partake of) joy Hb 12:11.—10:39.

⑪ as an auxiliary: very commonly the simple tense forms are replaced by the periphrasis εἶναι and the ptc. (B-D-F §352–55; Mlt. 225–27, 249; Mlt-H. 451f; Rdm.² 102, 105, 205; Kühner-G. I 38ff; Rob. 374–76, 1119f; CTurner, Marcan Usage: JTS 28, 1927 349–51; GKilpatrick, BT 7, ’56, 7f; very oft. LXX).

ⓐ (as in Hom et al.) w. the pf. ptc. to express the pf., plpf. and fut. pf. act. and pass. (s. Mayser 329; 377) ἦσαν ἐληλυθότες they had come Lk 5:17. ἦν αὐτῶν ἡ καρδία πεπωρωμένη their hearts were hardened Mk 6:52. ἠλπικότες ἐσμέν we have set our hope 1 Cor 15:19. ὁ καιρὸς συνεσταλμένος ἐστίν the time has become short 7:29. ἦν ἑστώς (En 12:3) he was standing (more exactly he took his stand) Lk 5:1.

ⓑ w. pres. ptc. (B-D-F §353).

α. to express the pres. ἐστὶν προσαναπληροῦσα τὰ ὑστερήματα supplies the wants 2 Cor 9:12 (Just., A I, 26, 5 Μαρκίων … καὶ νῦν ἔτι ἐστὶ διδάσκων; Mel., P. 61, 441 ἐστὶν … κηρυσσόμενον).

β. impf. or aor. ἦν καθεύδων he was sleeping Mk 4:38. ἦσαν ἀναβαίνοντες … ἦν προάγων 10:32; cp. Lk 1:22; 5:17; 11:14 al. (JosAs 1:3 ἦν συνάγων τὸν σίτον; Mel., P. 80, 580 ἦσθα εὐφραινόμενος). ἦν τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀλήθινόν … ἐρχόμενον εἰς τὸν κόσμον the true light entered the world J 1:9, w. ἦν introducing a statement in dramatic contrast to the initial phrase of vs. 8.—To denote age (Demetr.: 722 Fgm. 1, 2 al. Jac.; POxy 275, 9 [66 A.D.] οὐδέπω ὄντα τῶν ἐτῶν; Tob 14:11) Mk 5:42; Lk 3:23; Ac 4:22; GJs 12:3.—Mussies 304–6.

γ. fut. ἔσῃ σιωπῶν you will be silent Lk 1:20; cp. 5:10; Mt 24:9; Mk 13:13; Lk 21:17, 24 al.; 2 Cl 17:7 Bihlm. (the child) shall serve him (God).

ⓒ w. aor. ptc. as plpf. (Aelian, NA 7, 11; Hippiatr. 34, 14, vol. I p. 185, 3 ἦν σκευάσας; ISyriaW 2070b ἦν κτίσας; AcThom 16; 27 [Aa II/2 p. 123, 2f; p. 142, 10]; B-D-F §355 m.—JVogeser, Z. Sprache d. griech. Heiligenlegenden, diss. Munich 1907, 14; JWittmann, Sprachl. Untersuchungen zu Cosmas Indicopleustes, diss. Munich 1913, 20; SPsaltes, Gramm. d. byzant. Chroniken 1913, 230; Björck [διδάσκω end] 75; B-D-F §355). ἦν βληθείς had been thrown Lk 23:19; J 18:30 v.l.—GPt 6:23; 12:51. (Cp. Just., A II, 10, 2 διʼ εὑρέσεως … ἐστὶ πονηθέντα αὐτοῖς ‘they achieved through investigation’).

ⓓ Notice esp. the impersonals δέον ἐστίν it is necessary (Pla. et al.; POxy 727, 19; Sir praef. ln. 3; 1 Macc 12:11 δέον ἐστὶν καὶ πρέπον) Ac 19:36; εἰ δέον ἐστίν if it must be 1 Pt 1:6 (s. δεῖ 2a); 1 Cl 34:2; πρέπον ἐστίν it is appropriate (Pla. et al.; POxy 120, 24; 3 Macc 7:13) Mt 3:15; 1 Cor 11:13.

ⓔ In many cases the usage w. the ptc. serves to emphasize the duration of an action or condition (BGU 183, 25 ἐφʼ ὸ̔ν χρόνον ζῶσα ᾖ Σαταβούς); JosAs 2:1 ἦν … ἐξουθενοῦσα καὶ καταπτύουσα πάντα ἄνδρα). ἦν διδάσκων he customarily taught Mk 1:22; Lk 4:31; 19:47. ἦν θέλων he cherished the wish 23:8. ἦσαν νηστεύοντες they were keeping the fast Mk 2:18. ἦσαν συλλαλοῦντες they were conversing for a while 9:4. ἦν προσδεχόμενος he was waiting for (the kgdm.) 15:43. ἦν συγκύπτουσα she was bent over Lk 13:11.

ⓕ to emphasize the adjectival idea inherent in the ptc. rather than the concept of action expressed by the finite verb ζῶν εἰμι I am alive Rv 1:18. ἦν ὑποτασσόμενος he was obedient Lk 2:51. ἦν ἔχων κτήματα πολλά he was very rich Mt 19:22; Mk 10:22. ἴσθι ἐξουσίαν ἔχων you shall have authority Lk 19:17 (Lucian, Tim. 35 ἴσθι εὐδαιμονῶν). ἦν καταλλάσσων (God) was reconciling 2 Cor 5:19 (cp. Mel., P. 83, 622 οὗτος ἦν ὁ ἐκλεξάμενός σε; Ath. 15, 2 οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ … καρπούμενος).—LMcGaughy, Toward a Descriptive Analysis of ΕΙΝΑΙ as a Linking Verb in the Gk. NT, diss. Vanderbilt, ’70 (s. esp. critique of treatment of εἰμί in previous edd. of this lexicon pp. 12–15).—Mlt. 228. B. 635. DELG. M-M. EDNT. TW. Sv.

I. ἄν (after relatives ἐάν [q.v.] is oft. used for ἄν, but the mss. vary greatly, s. B-D-F §107; 377; Mlt. 42ff, 165ff; Mayser 152f; Crönert 130f; Thackeray 67; Dssm., NB 30ff [BS 202ff]). A particle peculiar to Gk. (Hom.+) denoting aspect of contingency, incapable of translation by a single English word; it denotes that the action of the verb is dependent on some circumstance or condition; the effect of ἄν upon the meaning of its clause depends on the mood and tense/aspect of the verb w. which it is used. The NT use of ἄν corresponds in the main to older Gk., although the rich variety of its employment is limited, as is generally the case in later Greek. In certain constructions (s. aβ) an aspect of certainty is indicated, suggesting the gloss would. In most other instances aspects of varying possibility or conditionality find expression in ways that can be rendered ever, but with other glosses required when ἄν is used in conjunction with other particles.

ⓐ ἄν w. aor. or impf. indic.

α. denoting repeated action in past time, but only under certain given conditions, esp. after relatives (B-D-F §367; Rob. index): aor. (Gen 30:42; Num 9:17; 1 Km 14:47; Ezk 10:11) ὅσοι ἂν ἥψαντο αὐτοῦ, ἐσῴζοντο whoever touched him was cured Mk 6:56. Impf. (Ezk 1:20; 1 Macc 13:20; Tob 7:11) ὅπου ἂν εἰσεπορεύετο εἰς κώμας wherever he went (as he was accustomed to do—ADebrunner, D. hellenist. Nebensatziterativpräteritum mit ἄν: Glotta 11, 1920, 1–28) into villages Mk 6:56. καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν as anyone was in need Ac 2:45; 4:35. Similarly ὡς ἂν ἤγεσθε (v.l. ἀνήγεσθε) 1 Cor 12:2. Cp. also ὅταν 1bγ and δ.

β. in the apodosis of a contrary to fact (unreal) condition w. εἰ (B-D-F §360; but ἄν is not always used [s. the vv.ll. J 18:36]: §360, 1; Mlt. 199ff; PMelcher, De sermone Epicteteo 1905, 75); it is found

א. w. impf. (4 Macc 17:7; Bar 3:13; ParJer 5:20; GrBar 6:6; ApcMos 39) οὗτος εἰ ἦν προφήτης, ἐγίνωσκεν ἄν if he were a prophet, he would (now) know (but he does not) Lk 7:39. εἰ ἔχετε πίστιν …, ἐλέγετε ἄν if you had faith …, you would say 17:6. εἰ ἐπιστεύετε Μωϋσεῖ, ἐπιστεύετε ἂν ἐμοί J 5:46. εἰ ἐμὲ ᾔδειτε, καὶ τὸν πατέρα μου ἄν ᾔδειτε 8:19; cp. vs. 42; 9:41; 15:19. εἰ ἔτι ἀνθρώποις ἤρεσκον, Χριστοῦ δοῦλος οὐκ ἂν ἤμην Gal 1:10; cp. 3:21. εἰ ἑαυτοὺς διεκρίνομεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐκρινόμεθα 1 Cor 11:31. εἰ ἦν ἐπὶ γῆς, οὐδʼ ἂν ἦν ἱερεύς if he were on earth, he would not even be a priest Hb 8:4; cp. 4:8; 8:7; 11:15.

ב. w. aor., placing the assumption in the past (Gen 30:27; Wsd 11:25; Jdth 11:2; 4 Macc 2:20; TestJob 7:9 al.; ParJer 5:5; GrBar 8:7; PGiss 47, 17) εἰ ἐγένοντο αἱ δυνάμεις, πάλαι ἂν … μετενόησαν if the miracles had been performed, they would long ago have repented Mt 11:21. εἰ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν ἐσταύρωσαν 1 Cor 2:8; cp. Ro 9:29 (Is 1:9). εἰ ἐγνώκειτε, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε if you had recognized, you would not have condemned Mt 12:7. εἰ ἠγαπᾶτέ με, ἐχάρητε ἄν if you loved me, you would have rejoiced J 14:28; cp. 11:21. The plpf. for aor. indic. (PGiss 79 II, 6 εἰ δυνατόν μοι ἦν, οὐκ ἂν ὠκνήκειν; BGU 1141, 27f) εἰ ἦσαν, μεμενήκεισαν ἄν 1J 2:19; cp. J 11:21 v.l.—In κἀγὼ ἐλθὼν σὺν τόκῳ ἂν αὐτὸ ἔπραξα Lk 19:23, ἐλθών functions as an unreal-temporal protasis (B-D-F §360, 2); cp. καὶ ἐλθὼν ἐγὼ ἐκομισάμην ἂν τὸ ἐμόν Mt 25:27. Sim. ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐπαύσαντο προσφερόμεναι; where ἐπεί functions as protasis, otherwise (i.e. if the sacrifices had really brought about a lasting atonement) would they not have ceased to offer sacrifices? Hb 10:2.

ⓑ ἄν w. subjunc. after relatives, the rel. clause forming virtually the protasis of a conditional sentence (B-D-F §380, 1) of the future more vivid or present general type.

α. w. fut. or impf. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results are thought of as in the future, of single and repeated action (IG XIV, 865 [VI B.C.] ὸ̔ς δʼ ἄν με κλέψῃ, τυφλὸς ἔσται; TestAbr B 4 p. 109, 10 [Stone p. 66]). ὸ̔ς δʼ ἂν ποιήσῃ καὶ διδάξῃ, οὗτος μέγας κληθήσεται but whoever does and teaches=if a person does and teaches it Mt 5:19. ὸ̔ς ἂν ἐσθίῃ …, ἔνοχος ἔσται 1 Cor 11:27. οὓς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) δοκιμάσητε, τούτους πέμψω 16:3—Mt 10:11; 1 Cor 16:2.

β. w. pres. in apodosis, to show that the condition and its results involve repeated action, regardless of the time element: ἃ ἂν ἐκεῖνος ποιῇ, ταῦτα καὶ ὁ υἱὸς ὁμοίως ποιεῖ whatever he does, the Son does likewise J 5:19. ὅπου ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) αὐτὸν καταλάβῃ, ῥήσσει αὐτόν wherever it seizes him Mk 9:18. ὑμῖν ἐστὶν ἡ ἐπαγγελία …, ὅσους ἂν προσκαλέσηται κύριος Ac 2:39. ὸ̔ς ἐὰν (v.l. ἂν) βουληθῇ φίλος εἶναι τοῦ κόσμου, ἐχθρὸς τοῦ θεοῦ καθίσταται whoever wishes to be a friend of the world Js 4:4. Cp. ὅπου ἄν 3:4 v.l.—Where ὅς or ὅστις appears w. subj. without ἄν (but cp. IG XII/1, 671 ὸ̔ς ἀνασπαράξῃ τ. τάφον; CPR I, 24, 33; 25, 19; AcThom 93 [Aa II/2, 206], 19; Is 7:2; 31:4), the reading that gives the fut. ind. is prob. the right one: ὅστις τηρήσῃ (v.l.-σει) Js 2:10. ὅσοι (without ἄν PPetr I, 13, 3;5; CPR I, 237, 3; IPergamon 249, 26 ὅσοι … ἐγλίπωσι τὴν πόλιν; Vett. Val. 125, 16): ὅσοι μετανοήσωσιν καὶ καθαρίσωσιν Hs 8, 11, 3 (s. W. and Joly app. for the textual tradition). See Reinhold 108; B-D-F §380, 4.

ⓒ In temporal clauses ἄν is found w. the subjunct. when an event is to be described which can and will occur, but whose occurrence cannot yet be assumed w. certainty. So

α. ὅταν (=ὅτε ἄν; s. ὅταν) w. pres. subjunct. to indicate regularly recurring action (Wsd 12:18): ὅταν ἄρτον ἐσθίωσιν whenever they eat bread Mt 15:2. ὅταν λαλῇ τὸ ψεῦδος whenever he tells a lie J 8:44. ὅταν λέγῃ τις whenever anyone says 1 Cor 3:4.—W. aor. subjunct. to express action in the future which is thought of as already completed (Sir Prol. ln. 22; Tob 8:21) ὅταν ποιήσητε πάντα when you have done Lk 17:10. ὅταν ἔλθῃ ὁ κύριος when the owner has come Mt 21:40; ὅταν ἔλθῃ ἐν τῇ δόξῃ Mk 8:38; cp. J 4:25; 16:13; Ac 23:35. ὅταν πάλιν εἰσαγάγῃ τὸν πρωτότοκον Hb 1:6.

β. ἡνίκα ἄν every time that (Ex 1:10; 33:22; 34:24 al.; POxy 104, 26 [96 A.D.]; PTebt 317, 18 [174/75] ἡνίκα ἐὰν εἰς τὸν νόμον παραγένηται). ἡνίκα ἂν (also ἐάν mss.) ἀναγινώσκηται Μωϋσῆς every time that Moses is read aloud 2 Cor 3:15; cp. vs. 16.

γ. ὁσάκις ἐάν as often as: ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) πίνητε 1 Cor 11:25. ὁσάκις ἐὰν (also ἄν mss.) ἐσθίητε vs. 26.

δ. ὡς ἄν as soon as (PHib 59, 2 [c. 245 B.C.] ὡς ἂν λάβῃς; 66, 4; PEleph 9, 3 [III B.C.]; PParis 46, 18 [143 B.C.]; BGU 1209, 13 [23 B.C.]; Josh 2:14; Jdth 11:15; 1 Macc 15:9): ὡς ἂν πορεύωμαι as soon as I travel Ro 15:24. ὡς ἂν ἔλθω as soon as I come 1 Cor 11:34. ὡς ἂν ἀφίδω τὰ περὶ ἐμέ as soon as I see how it will go with me Phil 2:23. ὡς ἐάν (PFay 111, 16 [95/96]) Hv 3, 8, 9; 3, 13, 2.—ἀφʼ οὗ ἄν after Lk 13:25.—In the case of temporal particles indicating a goal, viz. ἕως οὗ, ἄχρις (οὗ), μέχρις (οὗ), the mss. show considerable variation; the addition of ἄν is prob. correct only in rare cases (see B-D-F §383, 2). Only ἕως ἄν (PPetr II, 40a, 28 [III B.C.] ἕως ἂν ὑγιαίνοντας ὑμᾶς ἴδωμεν; Gen 24:14, 19; 49:10; Ex 23:30 al.) has certain attestation: μείνατε ἕως ἂν ἐξέλθητε stay until you go away Mt 10:11. ἕως ἂν ἴδωσιν τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ θεοῦ Lk 9:27.—Mt 2:13; 5:26. ἕως ἂν λάβῃ Js 5:7 v.l.—ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) ἔλθῃ 1 Cor 11:26. ἄχρις οὗ (+ ἄν v.l.) θῇ 15:25; ἄχρις οὗ ἂν ἥξω Rv 2:25 (v.l. ἄχρι). ἄχρις ἂν ἔλθῃ (cp. BGU 830, 13 [I A.D.] ἄχρις ἄν σοι ἔλθω) Gal 3:19 v.l.—πρὶν ἄν: πρὶν ἢ ἂν (vv.ll. πρὶν ἄν, πρὶν ἢ, only πρὶν or ἕως ἂν) ἴδῃ τὸν Χριστόν Lk 2:26 (B-D-F §383, 3).

ⓓ In purpose clauses the Attic (EHermann, Griech. Forschungen I, 1912, 267f; JKnuenz, De enuntiatis Graec. finalibus 1913, 13ff; 26ff) ὅπως ἄν, esp. freq. in earlier ins (Meisterhans³-Schw. 254), has become quite rare (LXX still rather often: Gen 18:19; 50:20; Ex 33:13; Jer 7:23 al.) ὅπως ἂν ἀποκαλυφθῶσιν διαλογισμοί Lk 2:35. ὅπως ἂν ἔλθωσιν καιροί Ac 3:20.—15:17 (Am 9:12 v.l.); Ro 3:4 (Ps 50:6); Mt 6:5 v.l.

ⓔ The opt. w. ἄν in a main clause (potential opt.) has almost wholly disappeared; a rare ex. is εὐξαίμην (v.l. εὐξάμην) ἄν Ac 26:29 in Paul’s speech before Agrippa (literary usage; s. B-D-F §385, 1; also Rob. 938; Themist. 6 p. 80 D.—On the rarity of the potential opt. in pap, LXX, Apost. Fathers see CHarsing, De Optat. in Chartis Aeg. Usu, diss. Bonn 1910, 28; Reinhold 111). Cp.—also in the literary lang. of Lk—direct rhetor. questions (Gen 23:15; Job 19:23; Sir 25:3; 4 Macc 7:22; 14:10 v.l.; TestJob 13:5 τίς ἄν δώῃ 35:5) πῶς γὰρ ἂν δυναίμην; Ac 8:31. τί ἂν θέλοι οὗτος λέγειν; 17:18. Dg has also preserved the opt. as a mark of elegant style (2:3, 10; 3:3f; 4:5; 7:2f; 8:3). MPol 2:2 has τίς οὐκ ἂν θαυμάσειεν;—More freq. in an indirect question, after an impf. or histor. pres. (B-D-F §386, 1; Rob. 938f) τὸ τί ἂν θέλοι καλεῖσθαι αὐτό what he wanted the child’s name to be Lk 1:62. τίς ἂν εἴη περὶ οὗ λέγει J 13:24. τὸ τίς ἂν εἴη μείζων αὐτῶν which of them was the greatest Lk 9:46; cp. 18:36 v.l. τί ἂν ποιήσαιεν τῷ Ἰησοῦ what they should do to Jesus 6:11. τί ἂν γένοιτο τοῦτο Ac 5:24. τί ἂν εἴη τὸ ὅραμα 10:17. (IMagnMai 215 [I A.D.] ἐπερωτᾷ … τί ἂν ποιήσας … ἀδεῶς διατελοίη; Esth 3:13c πυθομένου δέ μου … πῶς ἂν ἀχθείη τοῦτο.)

ⓕ The use of ἄν w. inf. and ptc., freq. in earlier Gk., is not found in the NT at all (B-D-F §396); ἵνα μὴ δόξω ὡς ἂν (or ὡσὰν, q.v.) ἐκφοβεῖν ὑμᾶς 2 Cor 10:9 is surely to be expl. in such a way that ὡς ἂν=Lat. quasi: I would not want it to appear as if I were frightening you; s. B-D-F §453, 3; Mlt. 167.—On εἰ μήτι ἂν (sc. γένηται) ἐκ συμφώνου except perhaps by agreement 1 Cor 7:5 s. B-D-F §376; Mlt. 169.—M-M.

II. ἄν for ἐάν is rare in Hellen. Gk. (B-D-F §107; Mlt. 43 n. 2; cp. Hyperid. 4, 5; 5, 15; Teles p. 31, 6; Plut., Mor. 547a; Epict., index Schenkl; pap [Mayser 152]; ins, esp. of the Aegean Sea [Rdm.² 198, 3; s. also SIG index IV 204]; 1 Esdr 2:16; 4 Macc 16:11; Jos., Ant. 4, 70; 219; Test12Patr; Mel. Fgm. 8b 24), but appears J 13:20; 16:23; 20:23; as v.l. 5:19; 9:22; 12:32; 19:12; Ac 9:2; and IMg 10:1.—Mlt. 63, 1.—M-M.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `work artfully, embellish' (Il.)

Other forms: only present stem

Dialectal forms: Myc. dadarejode \/ daidalejon-de\/

Derivatives: δαίδαλμα `work of art' (Theoc.). - δαίδαλον n. `id., ornament' (Il.); Δαίδαλος name of a mythical artist (Il.), δαίδαλος `artfull' (A.); δαιδάλεος (Il., cf. μαρμαίρω: μαρμάρεος etc.; acc. to Leumann metrical variant to πολυ-δαίδαλος `rich in ornament'); also δαιδαλόεις (Q. S., like παιπαλόεις). - Denomin. δαιδαλόω (Pi.), δαιδαλεύομαι (Ph.) with δαιδαλεύτρια `good artist' (Lyk.).

Origin: PG [a word of Pre-Greek origin]

Etymology: The relation between δαιδάλλω, δαίδαλος, δαίδαλον is discussed. Leumann Hom. Wörter 131ff. starts from a Mediterranean word δαίδαλον `ornament', from where δαιδάλλω and the compound πολυ-δαίδαλος `rich in ornament'. - Others start from δαιδάλλω as an intensive reduplicated formation (with δαίδαλον etc. postverbal); cf. Schwyzer 647 and 725. From Greek one compares δέλτος and δηλέομαι, s. vv; further δάλλει κακουργεῖ H. and δόλων; see also δόλος. - From other languages several words for `build, split', which are hardly relevant for Greek, e. g. Lat. dolāre `hew', Skt. dár-dar(ī)ti `split', OIr. delb `form' (\< *del-u̯ā) etc. Local, i.e. Pre-Greek origin seems more probable, for which Δαίδαλος is a confirmation. (Did δαιδάλλω arise from *dal^y-dal^y-?)

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `it snows' (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. νεῖψαι, νειφθῆναι, fut. νείψει. Cf. νίφ-α f. acc. sg. `(falling) snow' (Hes. Op. 535).

Compounds: Sometimes with prefix, e.g. κατα-. Compp., e.g. νιφ-ό-βολος `snow-covered' (Ar., E.), ἀγά-ννιφ-ος `with much snow' (A 420, Σ 186, Epich.; Sommer Nominalkomp. 64).

Derivatives: 1. νιφ-άδες pl., also sg. νιφ-άς, - άδος f. `snow-flake, snowstorm' (Il., Pi., trag.), as adj. `rich in snow' (S.); 2. νιφ-ετός m. `falling snow, snowstorm' (Il., Arist.; Schwyzer 501, Fraenkel Nom. ag. 1, 51 n.1; to be rejected Porzig Satzinhalte 245) with νιφετ-ώδης `connected with snow-fall' (Arist., Plb.); -- 3. νιφ-όεις `snowy, rich in snow' (Il.; on the formation Debrunner Άντίδωρον 28 f.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [974] * sneigʷʰ- `snow'

Etymology: The high-grade thematic root-present νείφει (νῑφέμεν M 280 wrong for νειφ-; Wackernagel Unt. 75), from which the other Greek verbal forms come, agrees with Av. snaēža- (e.g. subj. snaēžāt̃), OHG OE snīwan, Lith. sniẽg-a, -ti, perh. also Lat. nivit (only Pacuv., prob. ī), IE * sneigʷʰ-( eti ` it snows'; beside it with zero grade, also thematic, OIr. snigid `it drops, rains' (on the meaning below). A nasal present is found in Lat. ninguit = Lith. sniñga (: νείφει like linquō: λείπω, s.v.). Further, in meaning deviating, the zero-grade Skt. yotpresent sníhyati `gets wet, sticky', metaph. `finds affection', with sneha- `stickyness, affection etc.', with a shift of meaning from the mild climate as in Celtic (s. above); comparable in Greek, e.g. Nonn. D. 22, 283 αἵματι νείφεις of sticky blood, Lyc. 876 ὀμβρία νιφάς of rain-shower. Diff. Benveniste Μνήμης χάριν 1, 35 ff.: orig. meaning of IE * sneigʷʰ- `clot (together)'; thus Gonda KZ 72, 228 ff. One traces of the meaning `snow' in Mind. (Prākr. siṇeha- `snow' etc.) Turner BSOAS 18, 449ff. and 19, 375; s. Mayrhofer A.I.O.N. 1, 235). The noun acc. νίφ-α (nom. νιφετός, νιφάς, χιών; cf. Schwyzer 584) is identical with Lat. nix, nivis; IE * snigʷʰ-s ( ἀγά-ννιφ-ος \< *- snigʷʰ-); with dental enlargement (cf. νιφετός, but not identical) OIr. snechte `snow'; here prob. also νίβα χιόνα H. as Illyrian, Krahe IF 58, 133. Besides the o-stem IE * snoigʷho-s in Germ., e.g. Goth. snaiws, NHG Schnee, Slav., e.g. OCS sněgъ a.o. -- More forms in WP. 2, 695, Pok. 974, W.-Hofmann s. ninguit etc.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: 1. `fine flour, flour dust' (Ar. Nu. 262, Apollon. Med.), 2. `shrewd person, crafty person' (Ar. Nu. 260).

Compounds: Compp.: 1. δυσ-παίπαλος adjunct of βῆσσα (Archil.), κύματα (B.), Ὄθρυς (Nic.) a.o.; 2. δυσοδο-παίπαλα n. pl. (A. Eu. 387, reading uncertain; after sch. δυσπαράβατα καὶ τραχέα; 3. πολυ-παίπαλος, of Φοίνικες (ο 419), of αἰθήρ (Call. Fr. anon. 225).

Derivatives: Beside it several formally close, but semantically doubtful fomations. Adj. 1. παιπαλ-όεις of islands, mountains, roads (ep. Il.); 2. - ιμος `artful, shrewd' (Theognost., sch.); 3. - ώδης `id.' (EM, Suid.); 4. - εος of πιπώ `woodpecker' (Antim.), meaning unknown. Verbs. 1. παιπαλᾶν περισκοπεῖν, ἐρευνᾶν H., with formally παιπάλημα n. (Ar., Aeschin.) = 2. παιπάλη; prob just enlargement of it; 2. παιπάλλειν σείειν H.; 3. παιπαλώσσω τὸ παίζω καὶ τὸ παροινῶ (Theognost.). παίπαλά τε κρημνούς τε (Call. Dian. 194), prob. backformation.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The adj. παιπαλόεις, of which the orig. meaning was apparently early forgotten and which was used by the ep. poets as epith. ornans without specific meaning, is mostly explained as ' τραχύς, σκολιώδης', i.e. `raw, steep' or `twisted'; so δυσ-παίπαλος `with dangerous παίπαλα'. Starting from `winding' Fick KZ 44, 148 f. (agreeing Bechtel Lex. s.v.) wanted to connect a supposed root pele- `wind' [impossible root form], also `fold'; παιπαλόεις thus `rich in turns or folds' (cf. πολύ-πτυχος), πολυ-παίπαλος = πολύ-τροπος (in antiquity). Positing a root pele- meaning `turn' however, is based on a wrong analysis of πόλος, πάλιν (s. rather πέλομαι); so only the meaning `fold' remains (s. ἁπλόος). Similarly Worms Herm. 81, 31 n. 2: prop. `geschwungen, gewunden', to πάλλω, from where `zackig, sich schlangelnd, zerklüftet'(?). With this interpretation of παιπαλόεις one separates παιπάλη from it and connects it as a separate word to πάλη `flour' (s.v.) and πόλτος etc. -- Others connect παιπαλόεις as `floury, dusty' (first of roads) with παιπάλη; s. Leumann Hom. Wörter 236 ff. with extensive argumentation and rich lit. He considers παιπάλη `subtle talker' not as metapher of παιπάλη `fine flour' but explains it from πολυ-παίπαλος. -- Still diff. Palmer Glotta 27, 134 ff. (by Leumann rightly rejected). The origin of παιπάλη L. sees in παιπάλλειν = σείειν ('shake' = `sieve flour'); also πάλη `flour' from πάλλω. Cf. πασπάλη. -- On the reduplication cf. Skoda, Redoublement 33 etc.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to drink'

Other forms: Aeol., also Dor. (Call. Cer. 95) πώνω, fut. πίομαι, aor. ἔπιον, πιεῖν (all Hom.; later πεῖν), ipv. πῖθι (com. a.o.), Aeol. πῶθι, pass. ἐπόθην with fut. ποθήσομαι, perf. act. πέπωκα (all Att.), midd. πέπομαι (Od.); besides as causat. πιπίσκω, fut. πίσω, aor. πῖσαι, πισθῆναι, also w. προ-, ἐν-, συν- a.o. `give to drink, water' (Pi., Hp., Nic.).

Compounds: Very often w. prefix, e.g. κατα-, ἐκ-, προ-, ὑπο-, ἐν-.

Derivatives: Many derivv. (condensed survey): A. From the zero grade πο-, most with τ-sufflx: 1. ποτόν n. `beverage' (Il.), ποτός `drinkable' (trag., Th.; ἔμποτος Aret.), πότος m. `drinking, beverage' (Att., Theoc.); from this πότ-ιμος `drinkable, fresh, pleasant' (IA; Arbenz 50f.), - ικός `inclined towards drinking etc.' (Alc. com., Plu.), most συμ- πίνω `belonging to the bacchanalia, pot companion' (Att.: συμπό-της, - σιον, s. v.); - ίζω, Dor. - ίσδω, also with προ- a.o., `to make drink, to drench' (IA., Theoc.) with - ισμός, - ισμα, - ιστές, - ιστήριον, - ιστρίς, - ίστρα. 2. ποτή f. `drink, draught' (pap.) gen. a. acc. - ῆτος, - ῆτα (Hom.; metr. enlerged, orig. at verse-end; Schwyzer 529 w. n. 1 a. lit.; not haplolog. from *ποτο-τη-τος, - τη-τα with Fraenkel Gnomon 21, 40 a.o.); πότ-ημα n. `(medical) drink' (medic.; enlarged form, Chantraine Form. 178). 3. πόσις f. (also w. προ-, κατα- a.o. in diff. senses) `drinking, drink, bacchanalia' (Il.) with πόσιμος `drinkable' (pap. IV<sup>p</sup>, Ps.-Callisth.; cf. πότιμος above); πόμα s.v. 4. ποτήρ m. `drinking cup' (E.), - ήριον n. `id.' (Aeol. IA.); πότης m. `drinker' (only in πότης λύχνος Ar. Nu. 57), f. πότις (com.); both from the usual compp., e.g. συμπό-της (Pi.), οἰνο-πό-της, - τις (Anacr. etc.), disjoined? (Leumann Mus. Helv. 2, 12 = Kl. Schr. 226); superl. ποτίστατος (Ar. a.o.); to this derivv. like συμπόσ-ιον `bacchanalia' (Pi., Alc.), καταπότ-ιον `pill' (medic.; καταπότης `throat' H., Suid.); οἰνοποτ-ά-ζω `to drink wine' (Hom.). 5. καταπό-θρα f. `(region of the) throat' (Paul. Aeg.). -- B. From the full grade: πῶμα n. `draught, drink, beverage' (Att.), ἔκπω-μα n. `drinking ware' (IA.), beside πόμα ( πρό-, κατά-, ἔκ- πίνω) n. `id.' (Pi., Ion. hell.); ἔκπωτις = ἄμπωτις ( Cat. Cod. Astr.); εὔπωνος ὄμβρος εὔποτος H., γακου-πώνης ἡδυπότης H. -- C. From the zero grade πῑ-: 1. πίστρα f., πῖστρα n. pl. `drinks' (E. Kyk., Str.), also πισμός, πιστήρ, πιστήριον H.; with analog. - σ- as 2. πιστός `drinkable, fluid' (A.; after χριστός, Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 79 = Kl. Schr. 264), πιστικός `id.' (Ev. Marc., Ev. Io.); 3. Boeot. πιτεύω `to drench, to water' with ἀ-πίτευτος `unwatered' (Thespiae III<sup>a</sup>), from a noun *πῑτ(ο)-; cf. below. To be rejected Brugmann IF 39, 149 ff. (to πίων, OCS pitati `to feed' etc.); cf. Benveniste BSL 51, 29 f. w. lit.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [839] * peh₃-, piH- `drink'

Etymology: The above system developed on the basis of an IE starting point independently inside Greek. From the imperatives πῖ-θι and πῶ-θι we can conclude to two athematic root-aorists *ἔ-πῑ-ν and *ἔ-πω-ν; to the latter provides Skt. á-pā-m (with pā-hí = πῶ-θι) an exact agreement: IE *é-peh₃-m. As zero grade was pī- in the plur. at home: IE *é-piH-me, which in Skt. was replaced by full grade á-pā-ma but in Greek πῖθι left a trace; note further OCS 2. a. 3. sg. aor. pi. Further, in Greek the athemat. forms wer replaced by the themat. ἔ-πι-ον with generalized zero grade. The origin of the form piH- is not well known. The shortvocalic subj. of this root-aorist lives on in fut. πί-ο-μαι (like ἔδ-ο-μαι; s. ἔδω); to the aorist still the nasal prsesents πί-ν-ω and πώ-ν-ω; cf. ἔ-δῡ-ν: δύ̄-ν-ω. To *ἔ-πῑ-ν was formed the factitive ἔ-πῑ-σα `I gave to drink' after ἔ-στη-ν: ἔ-στη-σα, ἔ-φῡν: ἔ-φῡ-σα a.o.; to this the reduplicated pres. πι-πί-σκω (cf. δι-δά-σκω: δα-ῆναι, βι-βά-σκω: ἔ-βη-σα: ἔ-βη-ν). The strongly spread zero grade πο- ( πέποται, ἐπόθην, πόσις usw.) is a Greek innovation after δο- ( δέδοται, ἐδόθην, δόσις). The perf. act. πέ-πω-κα agrees with Skt. pa-páu, but can also have been created newly to *ἔ-πω-ν. The nominal stem πῑτ- in πιτεύω is inherited and is found also in Skt. pī-tá- `drunk(en)', pī-ti ́'drinking, drink'. The 2. member in εὔ-πωνος and γακου-πώνης agrees with Skt. pā́-na-m n. `drink'. In ablaut deviating are πο-τήρ `drinking cup' (only E.; οἰνο-ποτῆρας acc. pl. θ 456 metr. for - πότας) and Skt. pā-tár- 'drinker', comparable πό-σις and pī-tí- (s. ab.); rather parallel innovations than old inherited material. -- Among the remaining many representatives of this family we mention only the reduplicated zero grade themat. pres. Sk. pí-b-ati, Lat. bi-b-ō, OIr. 2. pl. ipv. i-b-id (phonetically in detail uncertain) and the Lat. nouns pō-tus, pō-culum. (The Skt. caus. pāy-áyati goes back on *po-i-ei̯-, not a full grade *pōi̯-) -- On the histoy of the Greek forms s. Leumann Mus. Helv. 14, 75ff. (= Kl. Schr. 260ff.); further material of the other languages with rich lit. in WP. 2, 71 f., Pok. 839 f., W.-Hofmann s. bibō, Mayrhofer s. píbati and pā́ti ². -- On ἄμπωτις and πῖνον s. v.

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Grammatical information: f.

Meaning: `grass, herb, grassplot', late also `(time of the) hay harvest, summer' (Il., Att.).

Other forms: ep. Ion. ποίη (Il.), Dor. (Pi.) ποία.

Compounds: Some compp., e.g. ποιο-νόμος `feeding on grass', ποιό-νομος `having grassy pastures' (A. in lyr.), λεχε-ποίης (s. λέχος).

Derivatives: 1. Dimin. πο-άριον ( ποι-) n. (Thphr.); 2. ποι-ήεις, Dor. - άεις `rich in grass' (Hom., Pi., S. in lyr.); - ηρός `id.' (E. in lyr.); 3. - άζω `to be rich in grass, to bear grass' (Str.); 4. - ασμός m. `weeding, clearing of weeds' (Thphr.), - άστρια f. `weeder (fem.)' (Archipp.), - άστριον n. `weeding tool' (Poll.), from ποάζω = `to weed, to clear of weeds' (only as conj. in Philem. Com. 116, 4). On supposed Boeot. *πύας `meadow' s. Finley Glotta 33, 311.

Origin: IE [Indo-European]X [probably] [793?] * peiH-? `fatt'

Etymology: PGr. *ποίϜᾱ (on the phonetics Schwyzer 188 a. 189 n. 1) agrees exactly with Lit. píeva f. `meadow' (Schulze Q. 45 n. 2); further connections quite hypothetic: to πῖαρ etc. (lit. in Bq and WP. 2, 74); to ποιμήν (Hermann Gött. Nachr. 1918, 282f.). The deviating ποινά ποία. Λάκωνες H. can be a cross with κοινά χόρτος H.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to support oneself, to lean, to pretend something, to use as a pretention', σκήπτω, fut. σκήψω, aor. σκῆψαι, pass. σκηφθῆναι, perf. ἐπ-έσκηφα, pass. ἐπ-έσκημμαι `to throw down, to sling', intr. `to throw oneself down, to fall down', often w. prefix (almost only act.), κατα-, ἐπι-, ἀπο-, ἐν- (IA.); ἐπι-σκήπτω also `to impose, to command', midd. (Att. juridical language) `to object, to prosecute, to raise a complaint'.

Other forms: Fut. σκήψομαι, aor. σκήψασθαι.

Derivatives: σκῆψις f. `excuse, pretention, pretext' (IA.), ἐπίσκηψις f. `objection, complaint' (Att.); ἀπόσκημμα ἀπέρεισμα H. (A. Fr. 18 = 265 M.), ἐπίσκημμα = ἐπίσκηψις ( Lex. Rhet. Cant.). Further several expressions for `stick etc.': 1. σκᾶπος κλάδος, καὶ ἄνεμος ποιός H. (on the last-mentioned des. s. σκηπτός). 2. σκηπ-άνη f. (AB) with - άνιον n. `stick, scepter' (Ν 59, Σ 247, Call. Fr. anon. 48, AP), σκαπάνιον βακτηρία, ἄλλοι σκίπωνα H. 3. σκᾶπτον n. (Dor.) `id.' (Pi.), IA. σκῆπτον in σκηπτ-οῦχος `stick-, scepter-bearer' = `ruler' (Hom. a. o.), with the Persians a. other Asiat. peoples who has a high office at the court (Semon., X a. o.) with - ία f. (A. a. o.). 4. σκῆπτρον n. `id.' (ep. poet. Il.; like βάκτρον a. o., Schwyzer 532 w. lit., Chantraine Form. 331); on the meaning etc. see Combellack ClassJourn. 43, 209ff., Gatti Acme 2: 3, 23 ff. On itself, with deviant meaning 5. σκηπτός m. `thunderbolt, lightning, suddenly breaking storm' (trag., X., D., Arist. a. o.); cf. φρυκτός, στρεπ-τός; s. also below.

Origin: LW [a loanword which is (probably) not of Pre-Greek origin]X [probably] Eur. substr.

Etymology: With σκήπτω: σκῆψαι: σκᾶπος cf. e.g. κόπτω: κόψαι: κόπος, τύπτω: τύψαι: τύπος. The yot-present σκήπτω is formally easily understandable as deriv. of a noun σκᾶπος (*σκά̄ψ?) `stick'; so prop. *'handle with the stick, supporting, driving or swinging' (Walde LEW<sup>2</sup> s. scāpus, Persson Beitr. 2, 941, WP. 2, 561)?; semant. possible, though not immediately clear. Then not only σκᾶπος, but also σκηπάνη, - άνιον, σκᾶπτον and σκῆπτρον would have to be registered with the s. σκάπτω discussed manyfold expressions for `plane, hew, dig etc.'; only for σκηπτός (as for σκῆψις, σκῆμμα) one would have to start, because of the meaning, from the denominative σκήπτω (even from the presentstem?). In the sense of ' ἄνεμος ποιός' (H.) σκᾶπος would have been influnced by σκηπτός. A primary σκήπτω with the meaning `support' (from where then σκᾶπος as *'support' etc.) would be without non-Greek support. The Greek system with permanent full grade is in any case an innovation; the for σκᾶπτον, σκῆπτ(ρ)ον epected zero grade may be found in the Germ. word for `shaft, spear, lance', OHG skaft m., OWNo. skapt n. a. o.; cf. anal. πηκτός beside old Ion. πᾰκτόω (s. πήγνυμι). -- With σκᾶπος can be equated Lat. scāpus `shaft, stalk' and Alb. shkop `stick, sceptre'. Other longvowel forms, for Greek uninteresting, are: with ō Lat. scōpa `thin twig', scōpiō `the stalk, from which hang the berries of the wine-grapes'; with ē CS. štapъ `stick'; unclear Latv. šk̨èps `spear, javelin' (cf. Vasmer s. štap; diff. W. Hofmann s. scāpus). Further rich material with partly hypothetical or doubtful combinations and extensive lit. in WP. 2, 561 f., Pok. 932; on Greek esp. Solmsen Wortforsch. 206 ff. -- Not here σκίπων and σκίμπτομαι. -- The word could be IE (* sk(e)h₂p-, but I think also of a loan from a Eur. substrate; cf. the discussion on σκάπτω.

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εἰς or [full] ἐς, PREP. WITH ACC. ONLY:—both forms are found in Hom., [dialect] Ion. poets, and early metrical Inscrr.; ἐς is best attested in Hdt. and Hp., and is found in nearly all early [dialect] Ion. Inscrr. (exc. IG12(8).262.16 (Thasos, v B. C.), ib.7.235.1 (Oropus, iv B. C.)); εἰς in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. from iv B. C., IG2.115, etc.; and usu. in [dialect] Att. Prose (exc. Th.) and Com. (exc. in parody): Trag. apptly. prefer εἰς, but ἐς is used before vowels metri gr.; ἐς was retained in the phrases ἐς κόρακας (whence the Verb σκορακίζω) , ἐς μακαρίαν. [dialect] Aeol. poets have εἰς before vowels, ἐς before consonants, and this is given as the rule in Hom. by An.Ox. 1.172, cf. Hellad. ap. Phot.Bibl.p.533B. (Orig. ἐνς, as in IG4.554.7 ([place name] Argos), GDI4986.11 ([place name] Crete); cf. ἐν, ἰν. The diphthong is genuine in [dialect] Aeol. εἰς, but spurious in [dialect] Att.-[dialect] Ion.) Radical sense

A into, and then more loosely, to:

I OF PLACE, the oldest and commonest usage, εἰς ἅλα into or to the sea, Il.1.141, al.;

εἰς ἅλαδε Od.10.351

;

ἔς ῥ' ἀσαμίνθους 4.48

; ἐς οἶνον βάλε φάρμακον ib. 220; freq. of places, to,

εἰς Εὔβοιαν 3.174

; ἐς Αἴγυπτον, etc., Hdt.1.5, etc.; ἐς Μίλητον into the territory of Miletus, ib.14;

εἰς Ἑλλήσποντον εἰσέπλει X.HG1.1.2

;

ἀφίκετο εἰς Μήδους πρὸς Κυαξάρην Id.Cyr.2.1.2

; εἰς ἅρματα βαίνειν to step into.., Il.8.115;

εἰς ἐλάτην ἀναβῆναι 14.287

; opp. ἐκ, in such phrases as ἐς σφυρὸν ἐκ πτέρνης, ἐς πόδας ἐκ κεφαλῆς, from heel to ankle-joint, from head to foot, 22.397, 23.169;

ἐκ πάτου ἐς σκοπιήν 20.137

;

ἐς μυχὸν ἐξ οὐδοῦ Od.7.87

; κἠς ἔτος ἐξ ἔτεος from year to year, Theoc. 18.15: with Verbs implying motion or direction, as of looking,

ἰδεῖν εἰς οὐρανόν Il.3.364

; εἰς ὦπα ἰδέσθαι to look in the face, 9.373, etc.; εἰς ὦπα ἔοικεν he is like in face (sc. ἰδόντι), 3.158, etc.; ἐς ὀφθαλμούς τινος ἐλθεῖν to come before another's eyes, 24.204;

ἐς ὄψιν ἀπικνέεσθαί τινος Hdt.1.136

;

καλέσαι τινὰ ἐς ὄψιν Id.5.106

, etc.; ἐς ταὐτὸν ἥκειν come to the same point, E.Hipp. 273: less freq. after a Subst.,

ὁδὸς ἐς λαύρην Od.22.128

; τὸ ἐς Παλλήνην τεῖχος facing Pallene, Th.1.56;

ξύνοδος ἐς τὴν Δῆλον Id.3.104

, cf.Pl.Tht. 173d.

b [dialect] Ep. and [dialect] Ion., also c. acc. pers. ([dialect] Att. ὡς, πρός, παρά), Il.7.312, 15.402, Od.14.127, Hdt.4.147; also in [dialect] Att. with collective Nouns,

ἐς τὸν δῆμον παρελθόντες Th. 5.45

, or plurals,

εἰς ὑμᾶς εἰσῆλθον D.18.103

; esp. of consulting an oracle,

ἐς θεὸν ἐλθεῖν Pi.O.7.31

;

εἰς Ἄμμων' ἐλθόντες Ar.Av. 619

.

2 with Verbs expressing restin a place, when a previous motion into or to it is implied, ἐς μέγαρον κατέθηκεν ἐπὶ θρόνου he put it in the house (i.e. he brought it into the house, and put it there), Od.20.96; ἐς θρόνους ἕζοντο they sat them down upon the seats, 4.51, cf. 1.130; ἐφάνη λὶς εἰς ὁδόν the lion appeared in the path, Il.15.276;

ἀπόστολος ἐς τὴν Μίλητον ἦν Hdt.1.21

(s. v.l.);

αὐτὸς ἐς Αακεδαίμονα ἀπόστολος ἐγίνετο Id.5.38

;

ἐς κώμην παραγίνονται Id.1.185

;

παρῆν ἐς Σάρδις Id.6.1

;

ἐς δόμους μένειν S.Aj.80

(cod. Laur.);

ἐς τὴν νῆσον κατέκλῃσε Th.1.109

, cf. Hdt.3.13; ἀπόβασιν ποιήσασθαι ἐς .. Th.2.33, etc.; later used like ἐν, τὴν γῆν εἰς ἣν ὑμεῖς κατοικεῖτε LXX Nu.35.34;

τὸ χρυσίον ὃ εἰλήφεσαν εἰς Ῥώμην D.S.14.117

;

οἰκεῖν εἰς τὰ Ὕπατα Luc.Asin.1

;

εἰς Ἐκβάτανα ἀποθανεῖν Ael.VH7.8

;

εἰς ἅπασαν τὴν γῆν Suid.

s.v. Καλλίμαχος: generally,

τοὔνομα εἰς τὴν Ἑλλάδα, φασίν, Ἱππομιγὴς δύναται Ael.VH9.16

.

3 with Verbs of saying or speaking, εἰς relates to the persons to or before whom one speaks, εἰπεῖν ἐς πάντας, ἐς πάντας αὔδα, Hdt.8.26, S.OT93;

λέγειν εἰς τὸ μέσον τῶν ταξιάρχων X.Cyr. 3.3.7

;

αἱ ἐς τὸ φανερὸν λεγόμεναι αἰτίαι Th.1.23

: with other Verbs,

εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας σαυτὸν σοφιστὴν παρέχων Pl.Prt. 312a

;

καλὸν ἐς τοὺς Ἕλληνας τὸ ἀγώνισμα φανεῖσθαι Th.7.56

; ἐπαχθὴς ἦν ἐς τοὺς πολλούς Id.6.54;

στρατιὰν ἐπαγγέλλων ἐς τοὺς ξυμμάχους Id.7.17

;

διαβεβλῆσθαι εἴς τινα Pl.R. 539c

.

4 elliptical usages,

a after Verbs which have no sense of motion to or into a place, τὴν πόλιν ἐξέλιπον εἰς χωρίον ὀχυρόν they quitted the city for a strong position, i.e. to seek a strong position, X.An.1.2.24; γράμματα ἑάλωσαν εἰς Ἀθήνας letters were captured [and sent] to Athens, Id.HG1.1.23, cf. Pl.R. 468a;

ἀνίστασθαι ἐς Ἄργος E.Heracl.59

, cf. Pl.Phd. 116a.

b participles signifying motion are freq. omitted with εἰς, τοῖς στρατηγοῖς τοῖς εἰς Σικελίαν (sc. ἀποδειχθεῖσιν) And.1.11, etc.

c c. gen., mostly of proper names, as εἰς Ἀΐδαο, [dialect] Att. εἰς Ἅιδου [δόμους], Il.21.48; ἐς Ἀθηναίης [ἱερόν] to the temple of Athena, 6.379; ἐς Πριάμοιο [οἶκον] 24.160, cf. 309; εἰς Αἰγύπτοιο [ῥόον] Od.4.581;

ἐς τοῦ Κλεομένεος Hdt.5.51

;

εἰς Ἀσκληπιοῦ Ar.Pl. 411

;

ἐπὶ δεῖπνον [ἰέναι] εἰς Ἀγάθωνος Pl.Smp. 174a

: with Appellatives, ἀνδρὸς ἐς ἀφνειοῦ to a rich man's house, Il.24.482;

ἐς πατρός Od.2.195

; πέμπειν εἰς διδασκάλων send to school, X.Lac.2.1;

εἰς δ. φοιτᾶν Pl.Prt. 326c

; ἐς σεωυτοῦ, ἑωυτοῦ, Hdt.1.108, 9.108, etc.

II OF TIME,

1 to denote a certain point or limit of time, up to, until,

ἐς ἠῶ Od.11.375

; ἐς ἠέλιον καταδύντα till sunset, 9.161 (but also, towards or near sunset, 3.138);

ἐκ νεότητος ἐς γῆρας Il.14.86

;

ἐκ παιδὸς ἐς γῆρας Aeschin.1.180

; ἐς ἐμέ up to my time, Hdt.1.92, al.: with Advbs., εἰς ὅτε (cf. ἔς τε) against the time when.., Od.2.99; εἰς πότε; until when ? how long ? S.Aj. 1185 (lyr., cf.

εἰσόκἐ; εἰς ὁπότε Aeschin.3.99

; ἐς τί; = εἰς πότε; Il.5.465; ἐς ὅ until, Hdt.1.93, etc.;

ἐς οὗ Id.1.67

, 3.31, etc.;

ἐς τόδε Id.7.29

, etc.

2 to determine a period, εἰς ἐνιαυτόν for a year, i.e. a whole year, Il.19.32, Od.4.526; within the year, ib.86 (cf.

ἐς ἐνίαυτον Alc.Supp.8.12

);

εἰς ὥρας Od.9.135

; ἐς θέρος ἢ ἐς ὀπώρην for the summer, i.e. throughout it, 14.384; ἡ εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν κειμένη δαπάνη εἰς τὸν μῆνα δαπανᾶται the expenditure for a year is expended in the month, X.Oec.7.36;

μισθοδοτεῖν τινὰς εἰς ἓξ μῆνας D.S.19.15

;

χοίνικα κριθῶν εἰς τέσσαρας ἡμέρας διεμέτρει Posidon. 36J.

; εἰς ἑσπέραν ἥκειν to come at even, Ar.Pl. 998; εἰς τρίτην ἡμέραν or εἰς τρίτην alone, on the third day, in two days, Pl.Hp.Ma. 286b, X.Cyr.5.3.27;

ἥκειν ἐς τὴν ὑστεραίαν Id.An.2.3.25

;

ἥκειν εἰς τὸ ἔαρ Hell.Oxy.17.4

; ἐς τέλος at last, Hdt.3.40; ἐς καιρόν in season, Id.4.139; οὐκ ἐς ἀναβολάς, ἀμβολάς, with no delay, Id.8.21, E.Heracl. 270, etc.; ἐς τότε at this time, v.l. in Od.7.317 (but εἰς τότε at that time (in the [tense] fut.), D.14.24, Pl.Lg. 830b); ἐς ὕστερον or τὸ ὕστερον, Od.12.126, Th.2.20: with Advbs.,

ἐς αὔριον Il.8.538

, Pl. Lg. 858b;

ἔς περ ὀπίσσω Od.20.199

;

ἐς αὖθις Th.4.63

(v. εἰσαῦθις (; ἐς αὐτίκα μάλ' Ar. Pax 367; εἰς ἔπειτα (v. εἰσέπειτα (; ἐς τὸ ἔ., Th.2.64;

ἐς ὀψέ Id.8.23

; εἰς ἅπαξ, v. εἰσάπαξ; εἰς ἔτι, v. εἰσέτι.

III to express MEASURE OR LIMIT, without reference to Time, ἐς δίσκουρα λέλειπτο was left behind as far as a quoit's throw, Il.23.523; ἐς δραχμὴν διέδωκε paid them as much as a drachma, Th.8.29;

ἱματισμὸν ζητῆσαι εἰς δύο τάλαντα Thphr.Char.23.8

; so ἐς τὰ μάλιστα to the greatest degree, Hdt.1.20, etc.;

ἐς τοσοῦτο τύχης ἀπίκευ Id.1.124

;

εἰς τοσοῦτο ἥκειν Lys.27.10

;

εἰς τοῦτο θράσους καὶ ἀναιδείας ἀφίκετο D.21.194

; ἐς ὅ ἐμέμνηντο so far as they remembered, Th.5.66;

ἐς τὸ ἔσχατον Hdt.7.229

, etc.;

εἰς ἅλις Theoc.25.17

.

2 freq. with Numerals,

ἐς τριακάδας δέκα ναῶν A.Pers. 339

; ναῦς ἐς τὰς τετρακοσίας, διακοσίας, to the number of 400, etc., Th.1.74, 100, etc.; εἰς ἕνα, εἰς δύο, εἰς τέσσαρας, one, two, four deep, X.Cyr.2.3.21; but εἰς τέσσαρας four abreast, Aen.Tact.40.6: with Advbs., ἐς τρίς or ἐστρίς thrice, Pi.O.2.68, Hdt.1.86; of round numbers, about, X.An.1.1.10.

3 distributive, εἰς φυλάς by tribes, LXX 1 Ki.10.21, cf. 2 Ki.18.

IV to express RELATION, towards, in regard to,

ἐξαμαρτεῖν εἰς θεούς A.Pr. 945

, etc.; ἁμάρτημα εἴς τινα, αἰτίαι ἐς ἀλλήλους, Isoc.8.96, Th.1.66;

ὄνειδος ὀνειδίζειν εἴς τινα S.Ph. 522

;

ἔχθρη ἔστινα Hdt.6.65

;

φιλία ἐς ἀμφοτέρους Th.2.9

; λέγειν ἐς .. Hdt.1.86;

γνώμη ἀποδεχθεῖσα ἐς τὴν γέφυραν Id.4.98

;

ἡ ἐς γῆν καὶ θάλασσαν ἀρχή Th.8.46

.

b of the subject of a work, esp. in titles, e.g.

τὰ ἐς Ἀπολλώνιον Philostr. VA

; of the object of a dedication, as in titles of hymns, ἐπινίκια, etc.

2 in regard to,

πρῶτος εἰς εὐψυχίαν A.Pers. 326

;

σκώπτειν ἐς τὰ ῥάκια Ar. Pax 740

, cf. Eq.90;

διαβάλλειν τινὰ ἔς τι Th.8.88

;

αἰτία ἐπιφερομένη ἐς μαλακίαν Id.5.75

;

μέμφεσθαι εἰς φιλίαν X.An.2.6.30

;

εἰς τὰ πολεμικὰ καταφρονεῖσθαι Id.HG7.4.30

;

πόλεως εὐδοκιμωτάτης εἰς σοφίαν Pl.Ap. 29d

; in respect of,

εὐτυχεῖν ἐς τέκνα E.Or. 542

, cf. Pl.Ap. 35b, etc.;

εἰς χρήματα ζημιοῦσθαι Id.Lg. 774b

, cf. D.22.55; ἐς τὰ ἄλλα Th.I.I;

εἰς ἄπαντα S.Tr. 489

;

ἐς τὰ πάνθ' ὁμῶς A.Pr. 736

;

εἰς μὲν ταῦτα Pl.Ly. 210a

; τό γ' εἰς ἑαυτόν, τὸ εἰς ἐμέ, S.OT 706, E. IT 691, cf. S.Ichn.346;

ἐς ὀλίγους μᾶλλον τὰς ἀρχὰς ποιεῖν Th.8.53

;

ἐς πλείονας οἰκεῖν Id.2.37

; for τελεῖν ἐς Ἕλληνας, Βοιωτούς, ἄνδρας, etc., v. τελέω.

3 of Manner,

ἐς τὸν νῦν τρόπον Id.1.6

;

τίθεμεν τἆλλα εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον; Pl.R. 353d

;

ἐς ἓν μέλος Theoc.18.7

: freq. periphr. for Advbs., ἐς κοινὸν φράζειν, λέγειν, A.Pr. 844, Eu. 408; ἐς τὸ πᾶν, = πάντως, Id.Ag. 682(lyr.); ἐς τάχος, = ταχέως, Ar.Ach. 686; ἐς εὐτέλειαν, = εὐτελῶς, Id.Av. 805;

ἐς τἀρχαῖον Id.Nu. 593

;

εἰς καλόν S. OT78

, cf. Pl.Phd. 76e;

ἐς δέον γεγονέναι Hdt.1.119

, cf. S.OT 1416, and v. δέον.

V ofan end or limit, ἔρχεσθαι, τελευτᾶν, λήγειν ἐς.., to end in.., Hdt.1.120,3.125,4.39, etc.;

ἐς ἑβδομήκοντα ἔτεα ου,ρον ἀνθρώπῳ προτίθημι Id.1.32

; καταξαίνειν ἐς φοινικίδα to cut into red rags, Ar.Ach. 320 (troch.);

στρέφειν τι εἰς αἷμα Apoc.11.6

; εἰς ἄνδρας ἐκ μειρακίων τελευτᾶν, εἰς ἄνδρα γενειᾶν, Pl.Tht. 173b, Theoc.14.28;

ἐκτρέφειν τὸ σπέρμα εἰς καρπόν X.Oec.17.10

: so with εἶναι or γίγνομαι to form a predicate,

ἔσται εἰς ἔθνη LXXGe.17.16

; ἐγενήθη εἰς γυναῖκα ib.20.12; πιστὸς (sc.ἦν) εἰς προφήτην ib.IKi.3.20;

ἐγένετο εἰς δένδρον Ev.Luc.13.19

,al.

2 of Purpose or Object, εἰπεῖν εἰς ἀγαθόν, πείσεται εἰς ἀγαθόν, for good, for his good, Il.9.102,11.789;

εἰς ἀγαθὰ μυθεῖσθαι 23.305

;

ἐς πόλεμον θωρήξομαι 8.376

, cf. Hdt.7.29, etc.; ἐς φόβον to cause fear, Il.15.310;

ἐς ὑποδήματα δεδόσθαι Hdt.2.98

;

κόσμος ὁ εἰς ἑορτάς X.Oec.9.6

;

ἐπιτηδεότατος, εὐπρεπής, ἔς τι Hdt.1.115

,2.116; εἰς κάλλος ζῆν to live for show, X.Cyr.8.1.33, cf. Ages. 9.1;

ἐς δαίτην ἐκάλεσσε Call.Aet.1.1.5

;

εἰς κέρδος τι δρᾶν S.Ph.

III;

πάσας φωνὰς ἱέντων εἰς ἀπόφυξιν Ar.V. 562

;

εἰς γράμματα παιδὶ δεκετεῖ ἐνιαυτοὶ τρεῖς Pl.Lg. 809e

; εἰς τὸ πρᾶγμα εἶναι to be pertinent, to the purpose, D.36.54; freq. of expenditure on an object, IG22.102.11, 116.41, al.;

ἐς τὸ δέον Ar.Nu. 859

, etc.; ἐς δᾷδα ib. 612.

B POSITION: εἰς is sts. parted from its acc. by several words,

εἰς ἀμφοτέρω Διομήδεος ἅρματα βήτην Il.8.115

;

εἰς δὲ μονάρχου δῆμος ἀϊδρίῃ δουλοσύνην ἔπεσεν Sol.9

: seldom (only in Poets) put after its case, Il.15.59, Od.3.137,15.541, S.OC 126(lyr.): after an Adv.,

αὔριον ἔς· τῆμος δὲ.. Od.7.318

.

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `flow, stream' (Il.).

Other forms: ipf. νᾶε(ν) A. R., Call., ναῖον ι 222), ναύει ῥέει, βλύζει H. (Aeol.), only presentstem except διαναῦσαι δια-πλεῦσαι H. and the ptc. aor. ἀμφι-ναέντος (Emp. 84).

Compounds: Rarely with ἀμφι-, δια-, περι.

Derivatives: 1. ναέτωρ ῥέων, πολύρρους H., νάτωρ (S. Fr. 270); 2. νᾱρός `welding, streaming' (A. Fr. 347 = 764 Mette, S. Fr. 621); 3. νᾶμα n. `flowing water, source, stream' (trag., Pl., X., Arist.) with ναμά-τιον dimin. (Thphr.), - τιαῖος `from sources, source' (Aeschin.), - τώδης `rich in sources' (Thphr.); 4. νασμός = νᾶμα (E.), - ώδης H. -- Prob. also 5. Ναϊάς, Ion. Νηϊάς (Od., A. R., AP), Ναΐς, Ion. Νηΐς f. (Il.) `Naiade', s. below.

Origin: XX [etym. unknown]

Etymology: The present forms can all go back on *νάϜ-ι̯ω; the shortvocalic νᾰ́ω ( νάει, νάουσιν ζ 292, Φ 197) can as rhythmical variant stand for ναίω (Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 167). Diff. Schwyzer 686 (with Schulze Q. 51 and Bechtel Lex. 234f.): *νάϜ-ω beside *νάϜ-ι̯ω; unnecessary. The ptc. ἀμφι-ναέντος (Emp. 84) was prob. formed after ῥυέντος. -- For the in Attic usual νᾶμα (s. v. Wilamowitz on Eur. Her. 625) a basic (but doubtful) form *ναϜεμα (*νάϜημα?) seems necessary; then also νᾱρός from *ναϜερός, νασμός from *ναϜεσμός, νάτωρ from *ναϜέτωρ; cf. Bechtel l.c. -- The longvocalic να-ϊάς, - ΐς, νη-ιάς, - ίς suppose a noun *νᾱϜ-α (cf. e.g. κρήν-η: - ιάς); prop. meaning then "daughter of a source". As all nymphs are considered as daughters of Zeus, the Naiades are connected with the Dodonäic Ζεὺς Νάϊος. A source in Dodona is only mentioned in late Latin writers, and Zeus as a god of sources is unknown (v. Wilamowitz Glaube 1, 228, Nilsson Gr. Rel. 1, 426 f.); the proper meaning of Νάϊος then remains unclear. If the Naiades have something to do at all with Ζεὺς Νάϊος, their qualification as daughters of a source must be left open. Agreements to νάω outside Greek are unknown. One compares the athematic long grade Skt. present snauti `drip', with the zero grade ptc. snuta-; further connections s. νέω and νήχω. Cf. also Νηρεύς.

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Grammatical information: m.

Meaning: `tooth'

Other forms: Ion.; ὀδούς (Arist., LXX; cf. below), ὀδόντος, Aeol. pl. ἔδοντες.

Compounds: Several compp., e.g. ὀδοντ-άγρα f. `tooth forceps' (Hp., Arist.), χαυλι-όδων (Hes. Sc. 387), ntr. - όδον and - όδουν (Arist.) `with protruding teeth'.

Derivatives: 1. Subst. ὀδοντάριον `little cog' (Heliod. ap. Orib.), ὀδοντ-ίς f. name of a fish (pap. III<sup>a</sup>; on the motive of the name Strömberg Fischnamen 45), - ᾶς m. `dentatus', - ίας m. `dentiosus' (Gloss.); odontītis f. `toothwort, Dentaria' (Plin.; Redard 74). 2. Adj. ὀδοντ-ικός `belonging to the teeth' (medic.), - ωτός `equipped with teeth' (Hero, Luc., Gal.), with ὀδοντόομαι `to be equipped with teeth' (Poll.). 3. Verbs. ὀδοντ-ιάω `to teethe' (Gal.) with - ίασις f. `teetheing' (Dsc., Gal.), - ίζω `to equip with teeth' (Orib.), `to polish (with one tooth)' (pap.; cf. charta dentata and Lagercrantz on PHolm. 4, 40), with - ισμός (Poll.), - ισμα (Eust.) `the grinding of teeth'.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [289] * h₃dent- `tooth'

Etymology: Aeol. ἔδοντες (with second. barytonesis) suggests that ὀδόντ- stands with vowelassimilation for *ἐδόντ-. However, a tooth does not `eat'; it only bites. The h₃ is confirmed by Arm. atamn (Kortlandt, Armeniaca, index). It is further confirmed by νωδός, which requires *n̥-h₃d- (not an assimilated vowel). And also by ὀδύνη `pain' (with which Arm. erkn cannot be cognate, if only because of the - rk-. The form od- `bite' is also seen in Lith. úodas, Latv. uôds `gnat', from * h₃ed- (with long vowel after Winter's Law). The Aeolic form can easily have ἑδ- after ἔδω. The younger ὀδούς for ὀδών is after διδούς (Solmsen Wortforsch. 30 ff.; hardly acceptable doubt by Schwyzer 566; on the nom. sg. still Gaar Gymnasium 60, 169 ff. [ ὀδούς Att.], Leroy Mél. Jos. Hombert = Phoibos 5 [1950--51] 102 ff.). -- ὀδών, ὀδόντ-ος agrees with the old name of the tooth in Skt. dán, acc. dánt-am m. ( = ὀ-δόντ-α), Lith. dant-ìs m. (f.), Germ., e.g. OHG zan(d), IE * h₃d-ont-; the zero grade (IE *h₃d-n̥t-) in Goth. tunÞ-us ( tund- still in Goth. aihwatundjai [één teken] `tooth of a horse', Lamberterie RPh. LXXIV (2000)278), Lat. dēns a.o.; the original ablaut is still alive in Skt., e.g. gen. sg. dat-ás (\< *h₃dn̥t-ós) beside dánt-am; cf. also the Germ. forms. The zero grade is now assumed in Myc. odakeweta, -- tuweta, - tweta `(wheels) with teeth'), wether a technical detail or an ornament; Dicc. Mic. 2, 16). -- Mostly interpreted as "the eating" ptc. pres. of the verb for `eat' in ἔδω (s. v.). Semantic doubts by Benveniste BSL 32, 74 ff. (with other etymology); against this Solmsen l.c. Further forms with rich lit. in WP. 1, 120 (Pok. 289), and in the etym dictionaries, esp. W.-Hofmann s. dēns. -- Cf. νωδός and αἱμωδέω.

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Grammatical information: adj.

Meaning: `only, single' (class. μόνος).

Other forms: -α (-η), - ον (Hom., Hes., Pi., A., S.), οἶϜος (Cypr.).

Dialectal forms: Myc. owowe = οἰϜ-ώϜης `with a single ear'.

Compounds: As 1. member a.o. in οἰο-πόλος `wandering solely, alone' (Hom., Pi.) with οἰοπολ-έω (E. in lyr., AP).

Derivatives: οἰόθεν, strengthening to οἶος `wholly alone' (H 39, 226); Schwyzer- Debrunner 700, Chantraine Gramm. hom. 2, 151; explanation by Leumann Hom. Wörter 258 ff.; denom. aor. οἰωθῆναι (: *οἰόομαι) `to be left alone' (Il., Q. S.). -- Details on the use of οἶος in Ruijgh L'élém. ach. 127 f.

Origin: IE [Indo-European] ]286] *oiu̯o- `one, only' (lar. uncertain)

Etymology: Identical with OIran., Av. aēva-, OP. aiva- `alone, one', IE *oiu̯o-s; fomation like *μόνϜος (\> μόνος), *ὅλϜος (\> ὅλος), s. vv. Beside it IE * oino-s, s. οἴνη. On itself stands Skt. éka-'one', PInd. (Mitanni) aika-; perh. IE * oiko-s, but perh. shortened from *ai-u̯a-ka- (doubting Mayrhofer Indoir. Journ. 4, 146 n. 75). Further connection with pronominal e-, i- (WP. 1, 101, Pok. 286, W.-Hofmann s. ūnus w. rich lit.) is uncontrolable. Cf. also Fraenkel Glotta 4, 38 w. lit., Gonda Reflexions 79 f. Contestable on the stemformation Specht Ursprung 64 a. 190.

Page in Frisk: 2,367

Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to stir, to rise, to run out, to hurry' esp. `to excite, to incite, to revive (Il.).

Other forms: Aor. ὠρόμην, - ετο, often and older athem. ὦρτο, ptc. ὄρμενος etc., fut. ὀροῦμαι, ὀρεῖται, perf. ὄρωρα; act. ὄρνυμι, also - ύω, aor. ὦρσα, redupl. 3. sg. ὤρορε, fut. ὄρσω, aor. pass. 3. pl. ὦρθεν (Corinn.). Besides ὀρούω, fut. ὀρούσω, in Hom. only aor. ὀροῦσαι, often w. prefix, e.g. ἐπ, ἀν-, ἐν-, ἐξ- `rise quickly, rush on' (Il.).

Compounds: Also w. prefix, e.g. ἐπ-, ὑπ-, ἀν-. -- As 1. member in governing compp. like ὀρσο-τρίαινα m. `wielder of the trident' (Pi.), ὀρσί-αλος `stirring the sea' (B.), PN as Όρσέ-λαος (Boeot.), Όρσί-λοχος (Il.) besides certainly nominal Όρτί-λοχος (Dor.); s. Schwyzer 442, Bechtel Hist.PN 353 f., Wackernagel Unt. 236 n. 1. As 2. member in the comp. κονι-ορ-τός (s. κόνις), in verbal adj. like θέ-ορ-τος `sprung from the gods' (Pi., A.), νέ-ορ-τος `newly arisen' (S.).

Derivatives: Only ὄρου-σις f. `rise, ὅρμησις, ὁρμή' (Stoic.), ὀρούματα ὁρμή- ματα, πηδήματα H.; remarkable ὀρσό-της, - ητος f. = ὁρμή (Critias), ὀρσί-της m. name of a Cret. dance (Ath.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [326] * h₃reu- `rise, set in movement'

Etymology: Its general o-vowel reminds of ὄρνυμι and ὄλλυμι, στόρνυμι, κορέννυμι a.o. and points to * h₃-. Traces of an ε-grade have been supposed in ἔρετο ὡρμήθη H. a.o. (s. ἐρέθω) as well as in Λα-έρ-της (s. λαός; cf. below). The general structure of the IE nu-verbs as well as the comparison with Skt. r̥-nó-ti `rise, move (onself)' give an original *ὄ῎ρ-νυ-μι ( *h₃r̥-n-(e)u-; not *αρνυμι). An orig. *ἴρνυμι with ι as reduced vowel as in κίρνημι (s. on κεράννυμι) Fick BB 29, 197 finds support in the Zeusepithet Έπιρνύτιος Ζεὺς ἐν Κρήτῃ H., what in spite of widespread agreement (Bechtel Lex. 252, WP. 1, 137, Schwyzer 352 a. 695) is to be called quite arbitrary. -- An analysis ὄρ-ν-υ-μι gives the possibility, to connect the aorist ὀροῦ-σαι (to which the later and rare ὀρούω) as o-coloured full grade (* h₃rou-; Persson Beitr. 1, 285; 2, 738; s. also Chantraine Gramm. hom. 1, 374 w. n. 1 a. lit.); cf. further κρούω, κολούω a.o. (Schwyzer 683 w. lit.). -- Comparisons outside Greek do not help much: beyond the pair ὄρ-νυ-μι: r̥-ṇó-ti are to be mentioned from Skt.: ὦρτο: ā́rta, ὤρ-ε-το: ā́r-a-ta (certainly innovations), ὄρ-ωρα: ā́ra, ὦρσε: ārṣ-īt (gramm.). Heth. ar-nu-mi `move on, away or here' is phonetically uncertain and can also be connected with ἄρνυμαι (s. v.). For ὀρούω we compare Lat. ruō `fall down, hurry'. -- Further material (but not from a root "of moving" er-) in WP. 1, 136ff. (w. rich lit.), Pok. 326ff., W.-Hofmann s. orior and 1. ruō; older lit. in Bq. -- Cf. ὀρίνω and ὄρος, also 1. οὖρος.

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Grammatical information: v.

Meaning: `to putrify, to decay' (Il.).

Other forms: only pres.stem except καταπέπυθα κατερρύηκα H.; πύθω, fut. πύσω, aor. πῦσαι ( πύσαι Call.) `cause to rot', both also with κατα- (Il.; on the date of the attestations Wackernagel Unt. 133).

Derivatives: Besides πύον, πύος n. `purulence' (Hp., Arist.); as 2. member in σαρκό-πυον n. `the festering of flesh' with - πυώδης (Hp.); adj., e.g. ἔμ-πυος `festering, full of festering ulcers' (Hp., Att.) with ἐμπυό-ομαι `to fester' (Hp.). πυθεδόνες pl. f. `festering ulcers' (hell.; after σηπεδών a.o.). Denominatives w. prefix: ἐκ-, ἐμ-, ἀπο-, δια-πυ-έω (- έομαι), - ίσκομαι (late - ίσκω) `to fester' with - πύ-ησις, - ημα, - ηματικός, - ητικός, - ικός (Hp. a. other medic.); late simplicia: πύ-ησις, - ητικός (Aret., Gal.).

Origin: IE [Indo-European] [848] * puH- `rot'

Etymology: Beside the θ-enlargement in πύ̄-θομαι, - θω ( βρί-θω, πλή-θω a.o.; Schwyzer 703), which can also be supposed for πύσω, πῦσαι, Sankrit has a yot-present pū́-ya-ti `rot' with the backformation pū́ya- m. n. `festering, pus' (so not identical with πύον), in Balt. a nasalpresent pū-nù and pū-vù (i.e. pų-vù) `id.', in Germ. an isolated ptc. OWNo. fūinn `rotten'. On an unenlarged primary verb go back also the nouns πύον, πύος, which have their closest agreements in Arm. hu, gen. hu-oy (o-st.) `festering blood' and Lat. pūs n. (from *puu̯os or *peu̯os?). Of the very frequent representatives of this goup, which may have its point of departure in an interjection pu `pfui', we mention only Lat. pūteō `rot', pŭter, - tris, - tre `rot', Germ., e.g. Goth. fūls ' rot'; further forms w. rich lit. in WP. 2, 82, Pok. 848f., W.-Hofmann s. pūs, Fraenkel s. pū́ti, Mayrhofer s. pū́yati. To be rejected Specht Sprache 1, 46 (: with `pure' in Lat. pūrus etc. identical). -- Here also 2. πυός `beestings'; s. v.

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μέγας, μεγάλη, μέγα (Hom.+) comp. μείζων and beside it, because of the gradual disappearance of feeling for its comp. sense, μειζότερος 3J 4 (APF 3, 1906, 173; POxy 131, 25; BGU 368, 9; ApcSed 1:5 [cp. J 15:13]; s. B-D-F §61, 2; W-S. §11, 4; Mlt-H. 166; Gignac II 158). Superl. μέγιστος (2 Pt 1:4).

① pert. to exceeding a standard involving related objects, large, great

ⓐ of any extension in space in all directions λίθος Mt 27:60; Mk 16:4. δένδρον Lk 13:19 v.l. (TestAbr B 3 p. 107, 6 [Stone p. 62]). κλάδοι Mk 4:32. Buildings 13:2. Fish J 21:11. A mountain (Tyrtaeus [VII B.C.], Fgm. 4, 8 D.²; Ps.-Aristot., Mirabilia 138; Theopomp. [IV B.C.]: 115 Fgm. 78 Jac.) Rv 8:8. A star vs. 10. A furnace 9:2 (ParJer 6:23). A dragon (Esth 1:1e; Bel 23 Theod.) 12:3, 9. ἀετός (Ezk 17:3; ParJer 7:18 [RHarris; om. Kraft-Purintun]) vs. 14. μάχαιρα a long sword 6:4. ἅλυσις a long chain 20:1. πέλαγος AcPl Ha 7, 23 (first hand).

ⓑ with suggestion of spaciousness ἀνάγαιον a spacious room upstairs Mk 14:15; Lk 22:12. θύρα a wide door 1 Cor 16:9. A winepress Rv 14:19 (ληνός μ. ‘trough’ JosAs 2:20); χάσμα a broad chasm (2 Km 18:17) Lk 16:26. οἰκία (Jer 52:13) 2 Ti 2:20.

ⓒ with words that include the idea of number ἀγέλη μ. a large herd Mk 5:11. δεῖπνον a great banquet, w. many invited guests (Da 5:1 Theod.; JosAs 3:6) Lk 14:16. Also δοχὴ μ. (Gen 21:8) Lk 5:29; GJs 6:2.

ⓓ of age (Jos., Ant. 12, 207 μικρὸς ἢ μέγας=‘young or old’); to include all concerned μικροὶ καὶ μεγάλοι small and great (PGM 15, 18) Rv 11:18; 13:16; 19:5, 18; 20:12. μικρῷ τε καὶ μεγάλῳ Ac 26:22. ἀπὸ μικροῦ ἕως μεγάλου (Gen 19:11; 4 Km 23:2; 2 Ch 34:30; POxy 1350) 8:10; Hb 8:11 (Jer 38:34). μέγας γενόμενος when he was grown up 11:24 (Ex 2:11). ὁ μείζων the older (O. Wilck II, 144, 3 [128 A.D.]; 213, 3; 1199, 2; LXX; cp. Polyb. 18, 18, 9 Σκιπίων ὁ μέγας; 32, 12, 1) Ro 9:12; 13:2 (both Gen 25:23).

② pert. to being above average in quantity, great πορισμός a great means of gain 1 Ti 6:6. μισθαποδοσία rich reward Hb 10:35.

③ pert. to being above standard in intensity, great δύναμις Ac 4:33; 19:8 D. Esp. of sound: loud φωνή Mk 15:37; Lk 17:15; Rv 1:10; φωνῇ μεγάλῃ (LXX; TestAbr A 5 p. 82, 20f [Stone p. 12]; ParJer 2:2; ApcMos 5:21) Mt 27:46, 50; Mk 1:26; 5:7; 15:34; Lk 4:33; 8:28; 19:37; 23:23 (Φωναῖς μεγάλαις), 46; J 11:43; Ac 7:57, 60; 8:7; Rv 5:12; 6:10 al.; μεγ. φωνῇ (ParJer 5:32); Ac 14:10; 16:28; μεγ. τῇ φωνῇ (ParJer 9:8; Jos., Bell. 6, 188) 14:10 v.l.; 26:24; ἐν φωνῇ μ. Rv 5:2. μετὰ σάλπιγγος μεγάλης with a loud trumpet call Mt 24:31. κραυγή (Ex 11:6; 12:30) Lk 1:42; Ac 23:9; cp. μεῖζον κράζειν cry out all the more Mt 20:31. κοπετός (Gen 50:10) Ac 8:2.—Of natural phenomena: ἄνεμος μ. a strong wind J 6:18; Rv 6:13. λαῖλαψ μ. (Jer 32:32) Mk 4:37. βροντή (Sir 40:13) Rv 14:2. χάλαζα Rv 11:19; 16:21a. χάλαζα λίαν μ. σφόδρα AcPl Ha 5, 7. σεισμὸς μ. (Jer 10:22; Ezk 3:12; 38:19; Jos., Ant. 9, 225) Mt 8:24; 28:2; Lk 21:11a; Ac 16:26. γαλήνη μ. a deep calm Mt 8:26; Mk 4:39; φῶς μ. a bright light (JosAs 6:3; ParJer 9:18 [16]; Plut., Mor. 567f: a divine voice sounds forth from this light; Petosiris, Fgm. 7, ln. 39 τὸ ἱερὸν ἄστρον μέγα ποιοῦν φῶς) Mt 4:16a; GJs 19:2 (Is 9:1). καῦμα μ. intense heat Rv 16:9 (JosAs 3:3).—Of surprising or unpleasant events or phenomena of the most diverse kinds (ἀπώλεια Dt 7:23; θάνατος Ex 9:3; Jer 21:6; κακόν Philo, Agr. 47) σημεῖα (Dt 6:22; 29:2) Mt 24:24; Lk 21:11b; Ac 6:8. δυνάμεις 8:13. ἔργα μ. mighty deeds (cp. Judg 2:7) Rv 15:3. μείζω τούτων greater things than these J 1:50 (μείζονα v.l.); cp. 5:20; 14:12. διωγμὸς μ. a severe persecution Ac 8:1; θλῖψις μ. (a time of) great suffering (1 Macc 9:27) Mt 24:21; Ac 7:11; Rv 2:22; 7:14. πειρασμός AcPl Ha 8, 22. πληγή (Judg 15:8; 1 Km 4:10, 17 al.; TestReub 1:7; TestSim 8:4; Philo, Sacr. Abel. 134) 16:21b. θόρυβος GJs 21:1; AcPl Ha 1, 28f (restored, s. AcPlTh [Aa I 258, 6]) λιμὸς μ. (4 Km 6:25; 1 Macc 9:24) Lk 4:25; Ac 11:28; ἀνάγκη μ. Lk 21:23; πυρετὸς μ. a high fever (s. πυρετός) 4:38.—Of emotions: χαρά great joy (Jon 4:6; JosAs 3:4; 4:2 al.; Jos., Ant. 12, 91) Mt 2:10; 28:8; Lk 2:10; 24:52. φόβος great fear (X., Cyr. 4, 2, 10; Menand., Fgm. 388 Kö.; Jon 1:10, 16; 1 Macc 10:8; TestAbr B 13 p. 117, 18 [Stone p. 82]; JosAs 6:1; GrBar 7:5) Mk 4:41; Lk 2:9; 8:37; Ac 5:5, 11; AcPl Ha 3, 33. θυμὸς μ. fierce anger (1 Macc 7:35) Rv 12:12. μείζων ἀγάπη greater love J 15:13. λύπη profound (Jon 4:1; 1 Macc 6:4, 9, 13; TestJob 7:8) Ro 9:2. σκυθρωπία AcPl Ha 7, 36. πίστις firm Mt 15:28. ἔκστασις (cp. Gen 27:33; ParJer 5:8, 12) Mk 5:42.

④ pert. to being relatively superior in importance, great

ⓐ of rational entities: of God and other deities θεός (SIG 985, 34 θεοὶ μεγάλοι [LBlock, Megaloi Theoi: Roscher II 2523–28, 2536–40; SCole, Theoi Megaloi, The Cult of the Great Gods at Samothrace ’84]; 1237, 5 ὀργὴ μεγάλη τ. μεγάλου Διός; OGI 50, 7; 168, 6; 716, 1; PStras 81, 14 [115 B.C.] Ἴσιδος μεγάλης μητρὸς θεῶν; POxy 886, 1; PTebt 409, 11; 22 ὁ θεὸς μ. Σάραπις, al.; PGM 4, 155; 482; 778 and oft.; 3052 μέγ. θεὸς Σαβαώθ; 5, 474; Dt 10:17 al. in LXX; En 103:4; 104:1; Philo, Cher. 29 al.; Jos., Ant. 8, 319; SibOr 3, 19; 71 al.—Thieme 36f) Tit 2:13 (Christ is meant). Ἄρτεμις (q.v.) Ac 19:27f, 34f (cp. Ael. Aristid. 48, 21 K.=24 p. 471 D. the outcry: μέγας ὁ Ἀσκληπιός); s. New Docs 1, 106 on this epithet in ref. to deities. Simon the magician is called ἡ δύναμις τ. θεοῦ ἡ καλουμένη μεγάλη Ac 8:10b (s. δύναμις 5). The angel Michael Hs 8, 3, 3; cp. 8, 4, 1.—Of people who stand in relation to the Divinity or are otherw. in high position: ἀρχιερεύς (s. ἀρχιερεύς 2a and ἱερεύς aβ.—ἀρχ. μέγ. is also the appellation of the priest-prince of Olba [s. PECS 641f] in Cilicia: MAMA III ’31 p. 67, ins 63; 64 [I B.C.]) Hb 4:14. προφήτης (Sir 48:22) Lk 7:16. ποιμήν Hb 13:20. Gener. of rulers: οἱ μεγάλοι the great ones, those in high position Mt 20:25; Mk 10:42. Of people prominent for any reason Mt 5:19; 20:26; Mk 10:43; Lk 1:15, 32; Ac 5:36 D; 8:9 (MSmith, HWolfson Festschr., ’65, 741: μ. here and Lk 1:32 may imply a messianic claim).—μέγας in the superl. sense (2 Km 7:9.—The positive also stands for the superl., e.g. Sallust. 4 p. 6, 14, where Paris calls Aphrodite καλή=the most beautiful. Diod S 17, 70, 1 πολεμία τῶν πόλεων=the most hostile [or especially hostile] among the cities) Lk 9:48 (opp. ὁ μικρότερος).—Comp. μείζων greater of God (Ael. Aristid. 27, 3 K.=16 p. 382 D.; PGM 13, 689 ἐπικαλοῦμαί σε, τὸν πάντων μείζονα) J 14:28; Hb 6:13; 1J 3:20; 4:4. More prominent or outstanding because of certain advantages Mt 11:11; Lk 7:28; 22:26f; J 4:12; 8:53; 13:16ab; 1 Cor 14:5. More closely defined: ἰσχύϊ καὶ δυνάμει μείζων greater in power and might 2 Pt 2:11. μεῖζον τοῦ ἱεροῦ someth. greater than the temple Mt 12:6. μείζων with superl. mng. (Ps.-Apollod., Epit. 7, 8 Wagner: Ὀδυσσεὺς τρεῖς κριοὺς ὁμοῦ συνδέων … καὶ αὐτὸς τῷ μείζονι ὑποδύς; Appian, Bell. Civ. 2, 87 §366 ἐν παρασκευῇ μείζονι= in the greatest preparation; Vett. Val. 62, 24; TestJob 3:1 ἐν μείζονι φωτί) Mt 18:1, 4; 23:11; Mk 9:34; Lk 9:46; 22:24, 26.

ⓑ of things: great, sublime, important μυστήριον (GrBar 1:6; 2:6; ApcMos 34; Philo, Leg. All. 3, 100 al.; Just., A I, 27, 4) Eph 5:32; 1 Ti 3:16. Of the sabbath day that begins a festival period J 19:31; MPol 8:1b. Esp. of the day of the divine judgment (LXX; En 22:4; ApcEsdr 3:3 p. 27, 7 Tdf.; Just., D. 49, 2 al.; cp. TestAbr A 13 p. 92, 11 [Stone p. 32]) Ac 2:20 (Jo 3:4); Jd 6; Rv 6:17; 16:14. Of Paul’s superb instructional ability μ̣ε̣γάλῃ καθ̣[ηγήσει] AcPl Ha 6, 30f.—μέγας in the superl. sense (Plut., Mor. 35a w. πρῶτος; Himerius, Or. 14 [Ecl. 15], 3 μέγας=greatest, really great; B-D-F §245, 2; s. Rob. 669) ἐντολή Mt 22:36, 38. ἡμέρα ἡ μ. τῆς ἑορτῆς the great day of the festival J 7:37 (cp. Lucian, Pseudolog. 8 ἡ μεγάλη νουμηνία [at the beginning of the year]); Mel., P. 79, 579; 92, 694 ἐν τῇ μ. ἐορτῇ; GJs 1:2; 2:2 (s. deStrycker on 1:2). Of Mary’s day of parturition ὡς μεγάλη ἡ σήμερον ἡμέρα what a great day this is GJs 19:2. μείζων as comp. (Chion, Ep. 16, 8 philosophy as νόμος μείζων=higher law; Sir 10:24) J 5:36; 1J 5:9. μ. ἁμαρτία J 19:11 (cp. schol. on Pla. 189d ἁμαρτήματα μεγάλα; Ex 32:30f). τὰ χαρίσματα τὰ μείζονα the more important spiritual gifts (in the sense Paul gave the word) 1 Cor 12:31. As a superl. (Epict. 3, 24, 93; Stephan. Byz. s.v. Ὕβλαι: the largest of three cities is ἡ μείζων [followed by ἡ ἐλάττων, and finally ἡ μικρά=the smallest]. The comparative also performs the function of the superlative, e.g. Diod S 20, 22, 2, where πρεσβύτερος is the oldest of 3 men) Mt 13:32; 1 Cor 13:13 (by means of the superl. μ. Paul singles out from the triad the one quality that interests him most in this connection, just as Ael. Aristid. 45, 16 K. by means of αὐτός at the end of the θεοί singles out Sarapis, the only one that affects him).—The superl. μέγιστος, at times used by contemporary authors, occurs only once in the NT, where it is used in the elative sense very great, extraordinary (Diod S 2, 32, 1) ἐπαγγέλματα 2 Pt 1:4.—On the adv. usage Ac 26:29 s. ὀλίγος 2bβ.—Neut. pl. μεγάλα ποιεῖν τινι do great things for someone Lk 1:49 (cp. Dt 10:21). λαλεῖν μεγάλα καὶ βλασφημίας utter proud words and blasphemies Rv 13:5 (Da 7:8; cp. En 101:3). ἐποίει μεγ̣[ά]λα καὶ [θα]υ̣[μά]σ̣ι̣α̣ (Just., A I, 62, 4) (Christ) proceeded to perform great and marvelous deeds AcPl Ha 8, 33/BMM verso 6.

⑤ pert. to being unusual, surprising, neut. μέγα εἰ … θερίσομεν; is it an extraordinary thing (i.e. are we expecting too much = our colloquial ‘is it a big deal’) if we wish to reap? 1 Cor 9:11. οὐ μέγα οὖν, εἰ it is not surprising, then, if 2 Cor 11:15 (on this constr. cp. Pla., Menex. 235d; Plut., Mor. 215f; Gen 45:28; s. AFridrichsen, ConNeot 2, ’36, 46).—B. 878f; 1309. DELG. M-M. TW. Sv.

θάλλω, Hes.Op. 173, h.Cer. 402, etc.: [tense] aor.1 ἔθηλα ([etym.] ἀν-) Ael.NA2.25, 9.21: [tense] aor. 2

A

θάλε h.Hom.19.33

;

ἀν-έθαλον LXX Wi.4.4

, Ep.Phil. 4.10: [tense] pf. τέθηλα, in Hom. only part. in [tense] pres. sense τεθηλώς, [dialect] Ep. fem. τεθᾰλυῖα, and [ per.] 3sg. [tense] plpf.

τεθήλει Od.5.69

; [ per.] 3sg. ind.

τέθηλε Hes. Op. 227

, Emp.77, S.Ph. 259; [dialect] Aeol. and [dialect] Dor.

τέθᾱλα Sapph.Supp.25.12

, Pi.Fr.129.5, B.9.40, IG3.171; subj. τεθήλῃ Epigr. ap. Pl.Phdr. 264d; inf.

τεθηλέναι Id.Cra. 414a

; part. τεθᾱλώς prob. in A.Supp. 107(lyr.):—[voice] Pass., [tense] fut. θᾰλήσομαι ([etym.] ἀνα-) AP7.281 (Heraclid.): (cf. θηλέω):—sprout, grow, thrive, esp. of fruit-trees,

ἐρινεὸς.. φύλλοισι τεθηλώς Od.12.103

; τεθήλει δὲ σταφυλῇσι, of a vine, 5.69; ἄνθεσι γαῖα θάλλει h.Cer.l.c.; <

δένδρεα> τέθηλε καρπῶν ἀφθονίῃσι Emp.77

;

ὦ χρυσέᾳ κόμᾳ θάλλων Λοξία Pi.I.7(6).49

;

πώγωνι θάλλων S.Ichn.358

: abs.,

καρπὸν τρὶς ἔτεος θάλλοντα Hes.Op. 173

;

θάλλει κατ' ἦμαρ αἰεὶ νάρκισσος S.OC 681

(lyr.), etc.: freq. in [tense] pf. part., as Adj., luxuriant,

τεθαλυῖά τ' ὀπώρη Od.11.192

;

τεθαλυῖά τ' ἀλωή 6.293

: also, c. acc. cogn., οὐ δένδρε' ἔθαλλεν χῶρος the place grew no trees, Pi.O.3.23, cf. AP9.78 (s.v.l., Leon.); ἐν φύλλοισι θαλλούσης βίον ξανθῆς ἐλαίας (Dind. ἴσον) A.Pers. 616; simply, bloom, Thphr.HP1.1.2; but of σίκυοι, etc.,

ἡ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ἀτμὶς οἷον θάλλοντας παρέχει Id.CP5.6.5

.

b of other natural objects, τεθαλυῖά τ' ἐέρση copious dew, Od. 13.245; ῥάχιν τεθαλυῖαν ἀλοιφῇ rich with fat, Il.9.208, cf. Od.13.410; εἰλαπίνῃ τεθαλυίῃ at a sumptuous feast, 11.415.

2 of persons, states or conditions, bloom,

θ. ἁπαλὸν χρόα Archil.100

; thrive, flourish,

Εἰρήνη τεθαλυῖα Hes.Th. 902

; θάλλοισα εὐδαιμονία, ἀρετά, Pi.P. 7.19, I.5(4).17;

πατρὸς θάλλοντος S.Ant. 703

, cf. Ph. 420, etc.; ζῶν καὶ θάλλων alive and prosperous, Id.Tr. 235; ζῇ καὶ θάλλει [ἡ παίδευσις] Antipho Soph.60;

θάλε πόθος h.Hom.19.33

;

Ἔρως ἐπὶ Χαλκιδέων θάλλει πόλεσιν Carm.Pop.44

;

Ἔρως τότε μὲν θ. τε καὶ ζῇ, ὅταν εὐπορήσῃ, τότε δὲ ἀποθνῄσκει Pl.Smp. 203e

;

θ. καὶ εὐδαιμονεῖ χώρα καὶ πόλις Id.Lg. 945d

: c. dat. modi,

θάλλουσιν δ' ἀγαθοῖσι Hes.Op. 236

; ἀγλαΐῃ τεθαλυῖαι [δμῳαί] Id.Sc. 276; τοῖσι (sc. ἀνδράσι)

τέθηλε πόλις Id.Op. 227

;

πόλις ἐλευθερίᾳ τεθαλυῖα Simon.102

;

θ. ἀρεταῖς Pi.O.9.16

;

ἐλπίδι B.9.40

;

εὐγενεῖ τέκνων σπορᾷ S.Ant. 1164

;

παρρησίᾳ E.Hipp. 422

;

δαίμων ἀφθίτῳ θ. βίῳ Critias25.17D.

;

θ. ἐπὶ γυμνάδος ἔργοις Epigr.Gr.233

([place name] Chios).

3 of disease and the like , in bad sense, to be fresh, active,

ἡ δ' ἐμὴ νόσος ἀεὶ τέθηλε S.Ph. 259

; πήματα.. ἀεὶ θάλλοντα μᾶλλον ἢ καταφθίνοντα waxing, Id.El. 260;

ἔρις θάλλει E.Ph. 812

(lyr.): c. dat.,

ἀφροσύναις θάλλουσ' Ὕβρις B.14.58

.

b τοῖσι αὐτοῖσιν ὅ τε σπλὴν θάλλει καὶ τὸ σῶμα φθίνει the spleen becomes swollen, Hp. Loc.Hom.24; also τεθηλός (in neutral sense) of the liver, Id.VM22.

φθείρω, [dialect] Aeol. [full] φθέρρω Hdn.Gr.2.303, al.; Arc. [full] φθήρω IG5(2).6.17 (Tegea, iv B. C.): [dialect] Ion. [tense] impf. φθείρεσκε ([etym.] δια-) Hdt.1.36: [tense] fut.

A

φθερῶ X.HG7.2.11

, ([etym.] δια-) A.Ag. 1266, etc.; [dialect] Ion. φθερέω ([etym.] δια-) Hdt. 5.51; [dialect] Ep. φθέρσω ([etym.] δια-) Il.13.625: [tense] aor. 1

ἔφθειρα A.Pers. 244

(troch.), X.HG7.2.4; poet.

ἔφθερσα Lyc.1402

; Arc. [ per.] 3sg. opt. (?)

φθέραι IG5(2).6.8

(Tegea, iv B. C.): [tense] pf.

ἔφθαρκα Din.1.64

, ([etym.] δι-) E.Med. 226; Arc. part.

ἐφθορκώς IG5(2).6.10

(Tegea, iv B. C.): —[voice] Med., [tense] fut. φθεροῦμαι (in pass. sense) S.OT 272, E.Andr. 708, Th.7.48; [dialect] Ion. φθερέομαι ([etym.] δια-) Hdt.8.108 (v.l. δια-φθαρέεται), 9.42 (vv. ll. δια-φθαρέονται, δια-φθορεῦνται); later

φθαροῦμαι Archig.

ap. Orib.8.23.5:— [voice] Pass., [tense] fut.

φθᾰρήσομαι Hp.VM13

, Arist.Metaph. 1066b30, Epicur.Ep. 1p.7U., ([etym.] δια-) E.Hec. 802, etc., [dialect] Dor.

- ησοῦμαι Ti.Locr.94d

: [tense] aor. ἐφθάρην [ᾰ] S.OT 1502, Th.7.13, Pl.Lg. 708c; poet. [ per.] 3pl.

ἔφθαρεν Pi.P. 3.36

: also part.

κατα-φθερείς Epich.35.13

: [tense] pf.

ἔφθαρμαι S.El. 765

, [ per.] 3pl.

ἐφθάραται Th.3.13

; inf.

ἐφθάρθαι Arist.Metaph. 1021b27

, ([etym.] δι-) Is.9.37, [dialect] Aeol.

ἔφθορθαι Eust.790.8

: [tense] plpf. [ per.] 3pl.

ἐφθάρατο App.BC3.15

, ([etym.] δι-) Hdt.8.90. The compd. διαφθείρω is much more freq. than the simple Verb:— destroy things,

μῆλα κακοὶ φθείρουσι νομῆες Od. 17.246

; φ. τῶν Συρίων τοὺς κλήρους waste them, Hdt.1.76, cf. X.HG 7.2.11, An.4.7.20;

τοὺς θεῶν νόμους S.Aj. 1344

; τὰς ναῦς v. l. in Th. 2.91;

τὴν πόλιν καὶ νόμους Pl.Lg. 958c

, cf. X.Mem.1.5.3;

εὐδαιμονίαν Din.

l. c.;

ἔμβρυα Dsc.2.163

;

τὸ συλληφθέν Sor.1.60

(also abs., miscarry, ib.59); τὸν κοινὸν οἶκον Mitteis Chr.284.11 (ii B. C.): —[voice] Pass., to be destroyed, S.Aj.25, etc.;

ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ διὰ τῶν αὐτῶν καὶ γίνεται πᾶσα ἀρετὴ καὶ φθείρεται Arist.EN 1103b8

;

εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν φ.

pass away, cease to be,

Epicur.Ep.1p.5U.

;

δυὰς προσθέσει μονάδος εἰς τριάδα φθείρεται μηκέτι μένουσα δυάς Ph.2.509

; of animals, perish, PStrassb.24.15 (ii A. D.).

2 of persons, μαψαῦραι... ναύτας φ. destroy them, Hes.Th. 876 (but perh. only [voice] Act. of signf. 11.4);

στρατόν A. Pers. 244

(troch.), Ag. 652:—[voice] Pass., Id.Pers. 272, 283(lyr.);

γειτόνων πολλοὶ ἁμᾷ.. ἔφθαρεν Pi.P.3.36

;

νόσῳ ἐφθάραται Ἀθηναῖοι Th.3.13

, cf. 7.48;

πρόρριζον ἔφθαρται γένος S.El. 765

; ἔφθαρμαι I am undone! Men. Her.13;

μὴφθαρῶσιν PMich.Zen.80.4

(iii B. C.).